Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 1–50 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype
SWIFT:A Scalable lightWeight Infrastructure for Fine-Tuning	Aug 10, 2024	HallucinationOptical Character Recognition	CodeCode Available	11
AutoTrain: No-code training for state-of-the-art models	Oct 21, 2024	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	7
FourierKAN outperforms MLP on Text Classification Head Fine-tuning	Aug 16, 2024	ClassificationKolmogorov-Arnold Networks	CodeCode Available	7
Interactive Prompt Debugging with Sequence Salience	Apr 11, 2024	Sentencetext-classification	CodeCode Available	7
h2oGPT: Democratizing Large Language Models	Jun 13, 2023	ChatbotFairness	CodeCode Available	6
ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Tasks	Mar 27, 2023	text annotationText Classification	CodeCode Available	4
Zero-Shot Learners for Natural Language Understanding via a Unified Multiple Choice Perspective	Oct 16, 2022	Coreference ResolutionMultiple-choice	CodeCode Available	4
MTEB: Massive Text Embedding Benchmark	Oct 13, 2022	BenchmarkingInformation Retrieval	CodeCode Available	4
N-Grammer: Augmenting Transformers with latent n-grams	Jul 13, 2022	Common Sense ReasoningCoreference Resolution	CodeCode Available	4
BackdoorLLM: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Backdoor Attacks and Defenses on Large Language Models	Aug 23, 2024	Data Poisoningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	3
FusionBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Deep Model Fusion	Jun 5, 2024	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	3
Benchmarking Large Language Models on CFLUE -- A Chinese Financial Language Understanding Evaluation Dataset	May 17, 2024	16kBenchmarking	CodeCode Available	3
MixLoRA: Enhancing Large Language Models Fine-Tuning with LoRA-based Mixture of Experts	Apr 22, 2024	Common Sense ReasoningGPU	CodeCode Available	3
When LLMs are Unfit Use FastFit: Fast and Effective Text Classification with Many Classes	Apr 18, 2024	Contrastive LearningFew-Shot Learning	CodeCode Available	3
A Survey of Large Language Models in Finance (FinLLMs)	Feb 4, 2024	Named Entity Recognition (NER)Question Answering	CodeCode Available	3
PyABSA: A Modularized Framework for Reproducible Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis	Aug 2, 2022	Aspect-Based Sentiment AnalysisAspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA)	CodeCode Available	3
Delta Tuning: A Comprehensive Study of Parameter Efficient Methods for Pre-trained Language Models	Mar 14, 2022	Text Classification	CodeCode Available	3
Personalized Benchmarking with the Ludwig Benchmarking Toolkit	Nov 8, 2021	BenchmarkingHyperparameter Optimization	CodeCode Available	3
RoFormer: Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding	Apr 20, 2021	PositionSemantic Text Matching	CodeCode Available	3
Ludwig: a type-based declarative deep learning toolbox	Sep 17, 2019	DecoderDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	3
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding	Oct 11, 2018	Citation Intent ClassificationCommon Sense Reasoning	CodeCode Available	3
Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification	Jan 18, 2018	General ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	3
PubMed 200k RCT: a Dataset for Sequential Sentence Classification in Medical Abstracts	Oct 17, 2017	General ClassificationSentence	CodeCode Available	3
CAPO: Cost-Aware Prompt Optimization	Apr 22, 2025	Arithmetic ReasoningAutoML	CodeCode Available	2
In Defense of Lazy Visual Grounding for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation	Aug 9, 2024	Image to textObject	CodeCode Available	2
Advancing Spiking Neural Networks for Sequential Modeling with Central Pattern Generators	May 23, 2024	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	2
EMR-Merging: Tuning-Free High-Performance Model Merging	May 23, 2024	Image ClassificationImage Retrieval	CodeCode Available	2
Oceanship: A Large-Scale Dataset for Underwater Audio Target Recognition	Jan 4, 2024	AttributeAudio Classification	CodeCode Available	2
PromptCBLUE: A Chinese Prompt Tuning Benchmark for the Medical Domain	Oct 22, 2023	Dialogue GenerationDialogue Understanding	CodeCode Available	2
ModuLoRA: Finetuning 2-Bit LLMs on Consumer GPUs by Integrating with Modular Quantizers	Sep 28, 2023	GPUInstruction Following	CodeCode Available	2
Multiscale Positive-Unlabeled Detection of AI-Generated Texts	May 29, 2023	Language Modellingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	2
MiniRBT: A Two-stage Distilled Small Chinese Pre-trained Model	Apr 3, 2023	Machine Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension	CodeCode Available	2
DIFFormer: Scalable (Graph) Transformers Induced by Energy Constrained Diffusion	Jan 23, 2023	Image-text ClassificationNode Classification	CodeCode Available	2
Adaptive Ranking-based Sample Selection for Weakly Supervised Class-imbalanced Text Classification	Oct 6, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	2
CSL: A Large-scale Chinese Scientific Literature Dataset	Sep 12, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	2
Label Sleuth: From Unlabeled Text to a Classifier in a Few Hours	Aug 2, 2022	Text Classification	CodeCode Available	2
LinkBERT: Pretraining Language Models with Document Links	Mar 29, 2022	Document ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	2
QDrop: Randomly Dropping Quantization for Extremely Low-bit Post-Training Quantization	Mar 11, 2022	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	2
CrypTen: Secure Multi-Party Computation Meets Machine Learning	Sep 2, 2021	BIG-bench Machine LearningGPU	CodeCode Available	2
Few-Shot Text Generation with Pattern-Exploiting Training	Dec 22, 2020	Headline Generationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	2
Automatically Identifying Words That Can Serve as Labels for Few-Shot Text Classification	Oct 26, 2020	Few-Shot Text ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	2
TextAttack: A Framework for Adversarial Attacks, Data Augmentation, and Adversarial Training in NLP	Apr 29, 2020	Adversarial AttackAdversarial Text	CodeCode Available	2
ktrain: A Low-Code Library for Augmented Machine Learning	Apr 19, 2020	BIG-bench Machine LearningClassification	CodeCode Available	2
BAE: BERT-based Adversarial Examples for Text Classification	Apr 4, 2020	Adversarial AttackAdversarial Text	CodeCode Available	2
TextBrewer: An Open-Source Knowledge Distillation Toolkit for Natural Language Processing	Feb 28, 2020	Knowledge DistillationReading Comprehension	CodeCode Available	2
Benchmarking Zero-shot Text Classification: Datasets, Evaluation and Entailment Approach	Aug 31, 2019	ArticlesBenchmarking	CodeCode Available	2
EDA: Easy Data Augmentation Techniques for Boosting Performance on Text Classification Tasks	Jan 31, 2019	Data AugmentationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	2
Simple Recurrent Units for Highly Parallelizable Recurrence	Sep 8, 2017	General ClassificationMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	2
Prompt Candidates, then Distill: A Teacher-Student Framework for LLM-driven Data Annotation	Jun 4, 2025	Small Language Modeltext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
PRL: Prompts from Reinforcement Learning	May 20, 2025	Prompt Engineeringreinforcement-learning	CodeCode Available	1

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	Longformer	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified