Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 401–450 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Asymmetric Polynomial Loss For Multi-Label Classification	Apr 10, 2023	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Pretrained Domain-Specific Language Model for General Information Retrieval Tasks in the AEC Domain	Mar 9, 2022	Information RetrievalLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
DepressionEmo: A novel dataset for multilabel classification of depression emotions	Jan 9, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Text Classification-Based Approach for Evaluating and Enhancing the Machine Interpretability of Building Codes	Sep 24, 2023	Language Modellingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Pre-Training to Learn in Context	May 16, 2023	In-Context LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
PRL: Prompts from Reinforcement Learning	May 20, 2025	Prompt Engineeringreinforcement-learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Survey on Text Classification: From Shallow to Deep Learning	Aug 2, 2020	ClassificationDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploiting Cloze Questions for Few Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inference	Jan 21, 2020	Few-Shot Text ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Prompting as Probing: Using Language Models for Knowledge Base Construction	Aug 23, 2022	Knowledge Base ConstructionLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
AcTune: Uncertainty-aware Active Self-Training for Semi-Supervised Active Learning with Pretrained Language Models	Dec 16, 2021	Active LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Diagnostic Study of Explainability Techniques for Text Classification	Sep 25, 2020	ClassificationDiagnostic	CodeCode Available	1	5
Prompt Tuning on Graph-augmented Low-resource Text Classification	Jul 15, 2023	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AMR-DA: Data Augmentation by Abstract Meaning Representation	May 1, 2022	Abstract Meaning RepresentationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
R&R: Metric-guided Adversarial Sentence Generation	Apr 17, 2021	Adversarial AttackGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploiting Global and Local Hierarchies for Hierarchical Text Classification	May 5, 2022	ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distributionally Robust Models with Parametric Likelihood Ratios	Apr 13, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BanglaBERT: Language Model Pretraining and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Language Understanding Evaluation in Bangla	Jan 1, 2021	Document ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Neural Few-Shot Text Classification Reality Check	Jan 28, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AttentionXML: Label Tree-based Attention-Aware Deep Model for High-Performance Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification	Nov 1, 2018	General ClassificationMulti-Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Multi-Grained Self-Interpretable Symbolic-Neural Model For Single/Multi-Labeled Text Classification	Mar 6, 2023	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Diffuser: Efficient Transformers with Multi-hop Attention Diffusion for Long Sequences	Oct 21, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Quaternion Graph Neural Networks	Aug 12, 2020	General ClassificationGraph Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DisCo: Distilled Student Models Co-training for Semi-supervised Text Mining	May 20, 2023	Extractive SummarizationKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available	1	5
DiscoPrompt: Path Prediction Prompt Tuning for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition	May 6, 2023	Relationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
ReadNet: A Hierarchical Transformer Framework for Web Article Readability Analysis	Mar 6, 2021	ArticlesSentence	CodeCode Available	1	5
Discrete Latent Variable Representations for Low-Resource Text Classification	Jun 11, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distillation-Resistant Watermarking for Model Protection in NLP	Oct 7, 2022	modelNamed Entity Recognition	CodeCode Available	1	5
ReGVD: Revisiting Graph Neural Networks for Vulnerability Detection	Oct 14, 2021	Graph EmbeddingGraph Neural Network	CodeCode Available	1	5
Representation Learning of Entities and Documents from Knowledge Base Descriptions	Jun 8, 2018	Entity TypingGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distinct Label Representations for Few-Shot Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Revisiting Hierarchical Text Classification: Inference and Metrics	Oct 2, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BootAug: Boosting Text Augmentation via Hybrid Instance Filtering Framework	Oct 6, 2022	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Diversity Enhanced Active Learning with Strictly Proper Scoring Rules	Oct 27, 2021	Active LearningDiversity	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Unified Neural Network Model for Readability Assessment with Feature Projection and Length-Balanced Loss	Oct 19, 2022	Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DKEC: Domain Knowledge Enhanced Multi-Label Classification for Diagnosis Prediction	Oct 10, 2023	ClassificationKnowledge Graphs	CodeCode Available	1	5
DocBERT: BERT for Document Classification	Apr 17, 2019	ClassificationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach	Jul 26, 2019	Common Sense ReasoningDocument Image Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Automated Essay Scoring Using Transformer Models	Oct 13, 2021	Automated Essay ScoringBIG-bench Machine Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploring and Predicting Transferability across NLP Tasks	May 2, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Dual Contrastive Learning: Text Classification via Label-Aware Data Augmentation	Jan 21, 2022	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Rotom: A Meta-Learned Data Augmentation Framework for Entity Matching, Data Cleaning, Text Classification, and Beyond	Jun 1, 2021	Data AugmentationEntity Resolution	CodeCode Available	1	5
Domain-Adaptive Text Classification with Structured Knowledge from Unlabeled Data	Jun 20, 2022	ClassificationDomain Adaptation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Don’t Miss the Labels: Label-semantic Augmented Meta-Learner for Few-Shot Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	Few-Shot Text Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
SAFER: A Structure-free Approach for Certified Robustness to Adversarial Word Substitutions	May 29, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DP-BART for Privatized Text Rewriting under Local Differential Privacy	Feb 15, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DoubleMix: Simple Interpolation-Based Data Augmentation for Text Classification	Sep 12, 2022	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Adversarial Training with Fast Gradient Projection Method against Synonym Substitution based Text Attacks	Aug 9, 2020	Adversarial AttackImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Advanced Dropout: A Model-free Methodology for Bayesian Dropout Optimization	Oct 11, 2020	Network Pruningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Fine-Tuned 'Small' LLMs (Still) Significantly Outperform Zero-Shot Generative AI Models in Text Classification	Jun 12, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Gradient-Based Adversarial Training on Transformer Networks for Detecting Check-Worthy Factual Claims	Feb 18, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified