Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 351–400 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Latent Dirichlet Allocation	Jan 1, 2003	Collaborative Filteringparameter estimation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Learning Data Manipulation for Augmentation and Weighting	Oct 28, 2019	Data AugmentationReinforcement Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Sea of Words: An In-Depth Analysis of Anchors for Text Data	May 27, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cold-Start Data Selection for Few-shot Language Model Fine-tuning: A Prompt-Based Uncertainty Propagation Approach	Sep 15, 2022	DiversityLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Efficient Shapley Values Estimation by Amortization for Text Classification	May 31, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Learning Variational Word Masks to Improve the Interpretability of Neural Text Classifiers	Oct 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Compositional Generalization for Multi-label Text Classification: A Data-Augmentation Approach	Dec 18, 2023	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Learn to Adapt for Generalized Zero-Shot Text Classification	May 1, 2022	ClassificationGeneralized Zero-Shot Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept-Based Label Embedding via Dynamic Routing for Hierarchical Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept Matching for Low-Resource Classification	Jun 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept Bottleneck Large Language Models	Dec 11, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Like a Good Nearest Neighbor: Practical Content Moderation and Text Classification	Feb 17, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Embedding Recycling for Language Models	Jul 11, 2022	Question AnsweringText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
LlamBERT: Large-scale low-cost data annotation in NLP	Mar 23, 2024	Sentiment AnalysisText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
LM-CPPF: Paraphrasing-Guided Data Augmentation for Contrastive Prompt-Based Few-Shot Fine-Tuning	May 29, 2023	Contrastive LearningData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Evaluation Dataset for Intent Classification and Out-of-Scope Prediction	Sep 4, 2019	BenchmarkingGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Simple Graph Contrastive Learning Framework for Short Text Classification	Jan 16, 2025	Contrastive LearningData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Consistency Regularization for Cross-Lingual Fine-Tuning	Jun 15, 2021	Machine TranslationQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Simple Log-based Loss Function for Ordinal Text Classification	Oct 1, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Massive Choice, Ample Tasks (MaChAmp): A Toolkit for Multi-task Learning in NLP	May 29, 2020	Dependency ParsingLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
AlleNoise: large-scale text classification benchmark dataset with real-world label noise	Jun 24, 2024	ClassificationLearning with noisy labels	CodeCode Available	1	5
MaxMatch-Dropout: Subword Regularization for WordPiece	Sep 9, 2022	Machine TranslationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Measuring Diversity in Synthetic Datasets	Feb 12, 2025	ClassificationDiversity	CodeCode Available	1	5
Memoria: Resolving Fateful Forgetting Problem through Human-Inspired Memory Architecture	Oct 4, 2023	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
ALL-IN-1: Short Text Classification with One Model for All Languages	Oct 26, 2017	AllGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Contextualized Weak Supervision for Text Classification	Jul 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Meta-learning via Language Model In-context Tuning	Oct 15, 2021	In-Context LearningInductive Bias	CodeCode Available	1	5
Meta-Learning with Sparse Experience Replay for Lifelong Language Learning	Sep 10, 2020	Continual LearningLifelong learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
ContrastNet: A Contrastive Learning Framework for Few-Shot Text Classification	May 16, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
AcTune: Uncertainty-aware Active Self-Training for Semi-Supervised Active Learning with Pretrained Language Models	Dec 16, 2021	Active LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Efficiently Tuned Parameters are Task Embeddings	Oct 21, 2022	Question AnsweringText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Contrastive Learning and Mixture of Experts Enables Precise Vector Embeddings	Jan 28, 2024	Contrastive LearningDescriptive	CodeCode Available	1	5
Augmenting Interpretable Models with LLMs during Training	Sep 23, 2022	Additive modelsLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Correlation Networks for Extreme Multi-label Text Classification	Aug 23, 2022	ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Counterfactual Inference for Text Classification Debiasing	Aug 1, 2021	Classificationcounterfactual	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cost-Sensitive BERT for Generalisable Sentence Classification with Imbalanced Data	Mar 16, 2020	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Text Classification-Based Approach for Evaluating and Enhancing the Machine Interpretability of Building Codes	Sep 24, 2023	Language Modellingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Asymmetric Polynomial Loss For Multi-Label Classification	Apr 10, 2023	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
MuLD: The Multitask Long Document Benchmark	Feb 15, 2022	Question AnsweringStyle change detection	CodeCode Available	1	5
MultiCite: Modeling realistic citations requires moving beyond the single-sentence single-label setting	Jul 1, 2021	Sentencetext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
CRUISE-Screening: Living Literature Reviews Toolbox	Sep 4, 2023	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cyclical Curriculum Learning	Feb 11, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cross-lingual Transfer for Text Classification with Dictionary-based Heterogeneous Graph	Sep 9, 2021	Cross-Lingual TransferGraph Neural Network	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cross-lingual Text Classification with Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network	May 24, 2021	ClassificationGraph Neural Network	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Survey on Text Classification: From Shallow to Deep Learning	Aug 2, 2020	ClassificationDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Neural Few-Shot Text Classification Reality Check	Jan 28, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
kNN-Prompt: Nearest Neighbor Zero-Shot Inference	May 27, 2022	Domain AdaptationLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Neural Attentive Bag-of-Entities Model for Text Classification	Sep 3, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Batch Normalized Inference Network Keeps the KL Vanishing Away	Apr 27, 2020	Dialogue GenerationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Unified Neural Network Model for Readability Assessment with Feature Projection and Length-Balanced Loss	Oct 19, 2022	Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	Longformer	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified