Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 3551–3600 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Depth F_1: Improving Evaluation of Cross-Domain Text Classification by Measuring Semantic Generalizability	Jun 20, 2024	ClassificationCross-Domain Text Classification	CodeCode Available
The Re-Label Method For Data-Centric Machine Learning	Feb 9, 2023	Click-Through Rate PredictionDeep Learning	CodeCode Available
Investigating Disagreement in the Scientific Literature	Jul 30, 2021	Articlestext-classification	CodeCode Available
Depth-Adaptive Graph Recurrent Network for Text Classification	Feb 29, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
Survey on Abstractive Text Summarization: Dataset, Models, and Metrics	Dec 22, 2024	Abstractive Text SummarizationGeneral Knowledge	CodeCode Available
Regularization, Semi-supervision, and Supervision for a Plausible Attention-Based Explanation	Jan 22, 2025	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available
Suum Cuique: Studying Bias in Taboo Detection with a Community Perspective	Mar 22, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available
Artificial Interrogation for Attributing Language Models	Nov 20, 2022	Machine TranslationMulti Class Text Classification	CodeCode Available
The Rich Get Richer: Disparate Impact of Semi-Supervised Learning	Oct 12, 2021	FairnessPseudo Label	CodeCode Available
Regularizing Model Complexity and Label Structure for Multi-Label Text Classification	May 1, 2017	General ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available
A Reproducibility Study of Goldilocks: Just-Right Tuning of BERT for TAR	Jan 16, 2024	Active LearningSystematic Literature Review	CodeCode Available
BP-Transformer: Modelling Long-Range Context via Binary Partitioning	Nov 11, 2019	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available
ANA at SemEval-2019 Task 3: Contextual Emotion detection in Conversations through hierarchical LSTMs and BERT	Mar 30, 2019	Emotion Recognition in ConversationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
The Ripple Effect: On Unforeseen Complications of Backdoor Attacks	May 16, 2025	Multi-Task Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available
The Rise of Open Science: Tracking the Evolution and Perceived Value of Data and Methods Link-Sharing Practices	Oct 4, 2023	ArticlesMath	CodeCode Available
Bootstrapping Large-Scale Fine-Grained Contextual Advertising Classifier from Wikipedia	Feb 12, 2021	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
A Multi-cascaded Deep Model for Bilingual SMS Classification	Nov 29, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
MEGClass: Extremely Weakly Supervised Text Classification via Mutually-Enhancing Text Granularities	Apr 4, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available
Are All the Datasets in Benchmark Necessary? A Pilot Study of Dataset Evaluation for Text Classification	Nov 16, 2021	AllSentence	CodeCode Available
ME-GCN: Multi-dimensional Edge-Embedded Graph Convolutional Networks for Semi-supervised Text Classification	Apr 10, 2022	Semi-Supervised Text ClassificationText Classification	CodeCode Available
Syntax-driven Data Augmentation for Named Entity Recognition	Aug 15, 2022	Data AugmentationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available
Remove that Square Root: A New Efficient Scale-Invariant Version of AdaGrad	Mar 5, 2024	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available
Demographics Should Not Be the Reason of Toxicity: Mitigating Discrimination in Text Classifications with Instance Weighting	Apr 29, 2020	Abusive LanguageGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
User Factor Adaptation for User Embedding via Multitask Learning	Feb 22, 2021	Clusteringtext-classification	CodeCode Available
Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Transformers via Token Selection	Jan 31, 2025	Few-Shot LearningQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available
Message Passing Attention Networks for Document Understanding	Aug 17, 2019	document understandingMulti-Modal Document Classification	CodeCode Available
Delta-training: Simple Semi-Supervised Text Classification using Pretrained Word Embeddings	Jan 22, 2019	General ClassificationSemi-Supervised Text Classification	CodeCode Available
Boosting Short Text Classification with Multi-Source Information Exploration and Dual-Level Contrastive Learning	Jan 16, 2025	Contrastive LearningGraph Learning	CodeCode Available
Meta Label Correction for Noisy Label Learning	Nov 10, 2019	Image ClassificationLearning with noisy labels	CodeCode Available
DELTA: A DEep learning based Language Technology plAtform	Aug 2, 2019	Abstractive Text SummarizationDeep Learning	CodeCode Available
Synthetic Artifact Auditing: Tracing LLM-Generated Synthetic Data Usage in Downstream Applications	Feb 2, 2025	Data Visualizationtext-classification	CodeCode Available
Representer Point Selection via Local Jacobian Expansion for Post-hoc Classifier Explanation of Deep Neural Networks and Ensemble Models	Dec 1, 2021	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available
Meta-learning of textual representations	Jun 21, 2019	AutoMLMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available
Reprint: a randomized extrapolation based on principal components for data augmentation	Apr 26, 2022	Data Augmentationtext-classification	CodeCode Available
Defense of Word-level Adversarial Attacks via Random Substitution Encoding	May 1, 2020	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available
Deep Unordered Composition Rivals Syntactic Methods for Text Classification	Jul 1, 2015	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
A Few-shot Approach to Resume Information Extraction via Prompts	Sep 20, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available
DeepText: A Unified Framework for Text Proposal Generation and Text Detection in Natural Images	May 24, 2016	Region ProposalText Classification	CodeCode Available
Adaptive Cross-lingual Text Classification through In-Context One-Shot Demonstrations	Apr 3, 2024	Cross-Lingual Transfertext-classification	CodeCode Available
User Story Tutor (UST) to Support Agile Software Developers	Jun 24, 2024	Text Classification	CodeCode Available
Achieving Verified Robustness to Symbol Substitutions via Interval Bound Propagation	Sep 3, 2019	Data Augmentationtext-classification	CodeCode Available
META: Metadata-Empowered Weak Supervision for Text Classification	Nov 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
T3L: Translate-and-Test Transfer Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Jun 8, 2023	ClassificationCross-Lingual Transfer	CodeCode Available
Boosting Prompt-Based Self-Training With Mapping-Free Automatic Verbalizer for Multi-Class Classification	Dec 8, 2023	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available
BOLT: An Automated Deep Learning Framework for Training and Deploying Large-Scale Search and Recommendation Models on Commodity CPU Hardware	Mar 30, 2023	CPUFraud Detection	CodeCode Available
MetaTroll: Few-shot Detection of State-Sponsored Trolls with Transformer Adapters	Mar 13, 2023	Few-Shot Text ClassificationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available
Weakly Supervised Domain Detection	Jul 26, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
TACIT: A Target-Agnostic Feature Disentanglement Framework for Cross-Domain Text Classification	Dec 25, 2023	Cross-Domain Text ClassificationDisentanglement	CodeCode Available
Metric Learning for Dynamic Text Classification	Nov 4, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
Deep Short Text Classification with Knowledge Powered Attention	Feb 21, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified