Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 251–300 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Contrastive Learning and Mixture of Experts Enables Precise Vector Embeddings	Jan 28, 2024	Contrastive LearningDescriptive	CodeCode Available	1	5
ContrastNet: A Contrastive Learning Framework for Few-Shot Text Classification	May 16, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Meta-learning via Language Model In-context Tuning	Oct 15, 2021	In-Context LearningInductive Bias	CodeCode Available	1	5
ContrXT: Generating Contrastive Explanations from any Text Classifier	Dec 11, 2021	Decision MakingExplainable artificial intelligence	CodeCode Available	1	5
DocSCAN: Unsupervised Text Classification via Learning from Neighbors	May 9, 2021	ClassificationClustering	CodeCode Available	1	5
DKEC: Domain Knowledge Enhanced Multi-Label Classification for Diagnosis Prediction	Oct 10, 2023	ClassificationKnowledge Graphs	CodeCode Available	1	5
Does Head Label Help for Long-Tailed Multi-Label Text Classification	Jan 24, 2021	General ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distillation-Resistant Watermarking for Model Protection in NLP	Oct 7, 2022	modelNamed Entity Recognition	CodeCode Available	1	5
Asymmetric Polynomial Loss For Multi-Label Classification	Apr 10, 2023	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distinct Label Representations for Few-Shot Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Domain-Adaptive Text Classification with Structured Knowledge from Unlabeled Data	Jun 20, 2022	ClassificationDomain Adaptation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Emoji Prediction from Twitter Data using Deep Learning Approach	Oct 4, 2021	Deep LearningMulti-class Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Adversarial Training Methods for Semi-Supervised Text Classification	May 25, 2016	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DisCo: Distilled Student Models Co-training for Semi-supervised Text Mining	May 20, 2023	Extractive SummarizationKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Artificial Artificial Artificial Intelligence: Crowd Workers Widely Use Large Language Models for Text Production Tasks	Jun 13, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Diffuser: Efficient Transformers with Multi-hop Attention Diffusion for Long Sequences	Oct 21, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
DiscoPrompt: Path Prediction Prompt Tuning for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognition	May 6, 2023	Relationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A New Korean Text Classification Benchmark for Recognizing the Political Intents in Online Newspapers	Nov 3, 2023	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Denoising Multi-Source Weak Supervision for Neural Text Classification	Oct 9, 2020	ClassificationDenoising	CodeCode Available	1	5
DiLM: Distilling Dataset into Language Model for Text-level Dataset Distillation	Mar 30, 2024	Dataset DistillationIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Prompt Tuned Embedding Classification for Multi-Label Industry Sector Allocation	Sep 21, 2023	BenchmarkingClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Simple Graph Contrastive Learning Framework for Short Text Classification	Jan 16, 2025	Contrastive LearningData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Exploration of Encoder-Decoder Approaches to Multi-Label Classification for Legal and Biomedical Text	May 9, 2023	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Sea of Words: An In-Depth Analysis of Anchors for Text Data	May 27, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Distributionally Robust Models with Parametric Likelihood Ratios	Apr 13, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Diversity Enhanced Active Learning with Strictly Proper Scoring Rules	Oct 27, 2021	Active LearningDiversity	CodeCode Available	1	5
AEDA: An Easier Data Augmentation Technique for Text Classification	Aug 30, 2021	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
DocBERT: BERT for Document Classification	Apr 17, 2019	ClassificationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Don’t Miss the Labels: Label-semantic Augmented Meta-Learner for Few-Shot Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	Few-Shot Text Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Simple Log-based Loss Function for Ordinal Text Classification	Oct 1, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
DepressionEmo: A novel dataset for multilabel classification of depression emotions	Jan 9, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Dual Contrastive Learning: Text Classification via Label-Aware Data Augmentation	Jan 21, 2022	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Defending Against Unforeseen Failure Modes with Latent Adversarial Training	Mar 8, 2024	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Strong Baseline for Query Efficient Attacks in a Black Box Setting	Sep 10, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Efficiently Tuned Parameters are Task Embeddings	Oct 21, 2022	Question AnsweringText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Efficient Shapley Values Estimation by Amortization for Text Classification	May 31, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Survey on Text Classification: From Shallow to Deep Learning	Aug 2, 2020	ClassificationDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
BootAug: Boosting Text Augmentation via Hybrid Instance Filtering Framework	Oct 6, 2022	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Annotation Error Detection: Analyzing the Past and Present for a More Coherent Future	Jun 5, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AcTune: Uncertainty-aware Active Self-Training for Semi-Supervised Active Learning with Pretrained Language Models	Dec 16, 2021	Active LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
R&R: Metric-guided Adversarial Sentence Generation	Apr 17, 2021	Adversarial AttackGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AttentionXML: Label Tree-based Attention-Aware Deep Model for High-Performance Extreme Multi-Label Text Classification	Nov 1, 2018	General ClassificationMulti-Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Establishing Baselines for Text Classification in Low-Resource Languages	May 5, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Evaluating Unsupervised Text Classification: Zero-shot and Similarity-based Approaches	Nov 29, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AfroLM: A Self-Active Learning-based Multilingual Pretrained Language Model for 23 African Languages	Nov 7, 2022	Active LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Unified Neural Network Model for Readability Assessment with Feature Projection and Length-Balanced Loss	Oct 19, 2022	Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Gamma-Poisson Mixture Topic Model for Short Text	Apr 23, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploring and Predicting Transferability across NLP Tasks	May 2, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Deep Learning Framework for Measuring the Digital Strategy of Companies from Earnings Calls	Oct 23, 2020	Cloud ComputingClustering	CodeCode Available	1	5
Discrete Latent Variable Representations for Low-Resource Text Classification	Jun 11, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified