Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 251–300 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype
Comparing zero-shot self-explanations with human rationales in multilingual text classification	Oct 4, 2024	Multilingual text classificationSentiment Analysis	—Unverified	0
GPT-4o as the Gold Standard: A Scalable and General Purpose Approach to Filter Language Model Pretraining Data	Oct 3, 2024	Active LearningLanguage Modeling	—Unverified	0
Hate Speech Detection Using Cross-Platform Social Media Data In English and German Language	Oct 2, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0
FLAG: Financial Long Document Classification via AMR-based GNN	Oct 2, 2024	Abstract Meaning RepresentationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	0
SciPrompt: Knowledge-augmented Prompting for Fine-grained Categorization of Scientific Topics	Oct 2, 2024	ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	0
Automatic deductive coding in discourse analysis: an application of large language models in learning analytics	Oct 2, 2024	Feature EngineeringLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	0
Revisiting Hierarchical Text Classification: Inference and Metrics	Oct 2, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
ThreatGram 101 - Extreme Telegram Replies Data with Threat Levels	Sep 30, 2024	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0
A Methodology for Explainable Large Language Models with Integrated Gradients and Linguistic Analysis in Text Classification	Sep 30, 2024	Large Language Modeltext-classification	—Unverified	0
Evaluating the performance of state-of-the-art esg domain-specific pre-trained large language models in text classification against existing models and traditional machine learning techniques	Sep 30, 2024	Binary ClassificationClassification	—Unverified	0
Evaluating the fairness of task-adaptive pretraining on unlabeled test data before few-shot text classification	Sep 30, 2024	FairnessFew-Shot Learning	CodeCode Available	0
Divided by discipline? A systematic literature review on the quantification of online sexism and misogyny using a semi-automated approach	Sep 30, 2024	Systematic Literature Reviewtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0
Classification of Radiological Text in Small and Imbalanced Datasets in a Non-English Language	Sep 30, 2024	Few-Shot LearningSentence	CodeCode Available	0
Adversarial Examples for DNA Classification	Sep 29, 2024	ClassificationLanguage Modeling	—Unverified	0
An Accelerated Algorithm for Stochastic Bilevel Optimization under Unbounded Smoothness	Sep 28, 2024	Bilevel OptimizationLEMMA	CodeCode Available	0
The Lou Dataset -- Exploring the Impact of Gender-Fair Language in German Text Classification	Sep 26, 2024	ClassificationStance Detection	—Unverified	0
Navigating the Shortcut Maze: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shortcut Learning in Text Classification by Language Models	Sep 26, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
Leveraging Annotator Disagreement for Text Classification	Sep 26, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified	0
Reducing and Exploiting Data Augmentation Noise through Meta Reweighting Contrastive Learning for Text Classification	Sep 26, 2024	Contrastive LearningData Augmentation	—Unverified	0
Shifting from endangerment to rebirth in the Artificial Intelligence Age: An Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Hawrami Text Classification	Sep 25, 2024	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	0
PACE: Marrying generalization in PArameter-efficient fine-tuning with Consistency rEgularization	Sep 25, 2024	8kDomain Adaptation	CodeCode Available	1
iGAiVA: Integrated Generative AI and Visual Analytics in a Machine Learning Workflow for Text Classification	Sep 24, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
Optimizing News Text Classification with Bi-LSTM and Attention Mechanism for Efficient Data Processing	Sep 23, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	—Unverified	0
Using Natural Language Processing to find Indication for Burnout with Text Classification: From Online Data to Real-World Data	Sep 22, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified	0
On Importance of Pruning and Distillation for Efficient Low Resource NLP	Sep 21, 2024	Document ClassificationGPU	—Unverified	0
GAProtoNet: A Multi-head Graph Attention-based Prototypical Network for Interpretable Text Classification	Sep 20, 2024	Graph Attentiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	0
Learning to Generalize Unseen Domains via Multi-Source Meta Learning for Text Classification	Sep 20, 2024	Domain GeneralizationMeta-Learning	—Unverified	0
Turbo your multi-modal classification with contrastive learning	Sep 14, 2024	ClassificationContrastive Learning	—Unverified	0
LLM-based feature generation from text for interpretable machine learning	Sep 11, 2024	ArticlesInterpretable Machine Learning	CodeCode Available	0
Analysis of Socially Unacceptable Discourse with Zero-shot Learning	Sep 10, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
SubRegWeigh: Effective and Efficient Annotation Weighing with Subword Regularization	Sep 10, 2024	Document Classificationnamed-entity-recognition	CodeCode Available	0
RexUniNLU: Recursive Method with Explicit Schema Instructor for Universal NLU	Sep 9, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified	0
A Small Claims Court for the NLP: Judging Legal Text Classification Strategies With Small Datasets	Sep 9, 2024	Data AugmentationLanguage Modelling	—Unverified	0
OpenFact at CheckThat! 2024: Combining Multiple Attack Methods for Effective Adversarial Text Generation	Sep 4, 2024	Adversarial AttackAdversarial Text	—Unverified	0
State-of-the-art Advances of Deep-learning Linguistic Steganalysis Research	Sep 3, 2024	Linguistic steganographySteganalysis	—Unverified	0
CARIn: Constraint-Aware and Responsive Inference on Heterogeneous Devices for Single- and Multi-DNN Workloads	Sep 2, 2024	Scene Recognitiontext-classification	—Unverified	0
CLIBE: Detecting Dynamic Backdoors in Transformer-based NLP Models	Sep 2, 2024	Text ClassificationText Generation	CodeCode Available	1
PoliPrompt: A High-Performance Cost-Effective LLM-Based Text Classification Framework for Political Science	Sep 2, 2024	ClassificationFeature Engineering	—Unverified	0
Modeling Text-Label Alignment for Hierarchical Text Classification	Sep 1, 2024	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1
Improving Extraction of Clinical Event Contextual Properties from Electronic Health Records: A Comparative Study	Aug 30, 2024	Disease Predictionnamed-entity-recognition	—Unverified	0
Assessing Generative Language Models in Classification Tasks: Performance and Self-Evaluation Capabilities in the Environmental and Climate Change Domain	Aug 30, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0
Harnessing the Intrinsic Knowledge of Pretrained Language Models for Challenging Text Classification Settings	Aug 28, 2024	In-Context LearningSentiment Analysis	—Unverified	0
Domain-specific long text classification from sparse relevant information	Aug 23, 2024	Sentiment Analysistext-classification	—Unverified	0
BackdoorLLM: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Backdoor Attacks and Defenses on Large Language Models	Aug 23, 2024	Data Poisoningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	3
Optimizing Performance: How Compact Models Match or Exceed GPT's Classification Capabilities through Fine-Tuning	Aug 22, 2024	Sentiment Analysistext-classification	—Unverified	0
The Russian-focused embedders' exploration: ruMTEB benchmark and Russian embedding model design	Aug 22, 2024	Information RetrievalReranking	—Unverified	0
SarcasmBench: Towards Evaluating Large Language Models on Sarcasm Understanding	Aug 21, 2024	Logical ReasoningMathematical Reasoning	—Unverified	0
NoMatterXAI: Generating "No Matter What" Alterfactual Examples for Explaining Black-Box Text Classification Models	Aug 20, 2024	Attributecounterfactual	—Unverified	0
A Strategy to Combine 1stGen Transformers and Open LLMs for Automatic Text Classification	Aug 19, 2024	Sentiment Analysistext-classification	—Unverified	0
Ranking Generated Answers: On the Agreement of Retrieval Models with Humans on Consumer Health Questions	Aug 19, 2024	Open-Ended Question AnsweringQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	0

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified