Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 201–250 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Active Learning for BERT: An Empirical Study	Nov 1, 2020	Active LearningBinary text classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Density Adaptive Attention is All You Need: Robust Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Across Multiple Modalities	Jan 20, 2024	AllEmotion Recognition	CodeCode Available	1	5
BertGCN: Transductive Text Classification by Combining GNN and BERT	Aug 1, 2021	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
GIST: Generating Image-Specific Text for Fine-grained Object Classification	Jul 21, 2023	ClassificationFine-Grained Image Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Diagnostic Study of Explainability Techniques for Text Classification	Sep 25, 2020	ClassificationDiagnostic	CodeCode Available	1	5
AMR-DA: Data Augmentation by Abstract Meaning Representation	May 1, 2022	Abstract Meaning RepresentationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Correlation Networks for Extreme Multi-label Text Classification	Aug 23, 2022	ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Good Examples Make A Faster Learner: Simple Demonstration-based Learning for Low-resource NER	Oct 16, 2021	Domain AdaptationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Multi-Grained Self-Interpretable Symbolic-Neural Model For Single/Multi-Labeled Text Classification	Mar 6, 2023	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
BERTweet: A pre-trained language model for English Tweets	May 20, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Contrastive Learning and Mixture of Experts Enables Precise Vector Embeddings	Jan 28, 2024	Contrastive LearningDescriptive	CodeCode Available	1	5
Beyond Prompting: Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Zero-shot Learners by Clustering Representations	Oct 29, 2022	ClusteringSentence	CodeCode Available	1	5
Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences	Jul 28, 2020	Linguistic AcceptabilityNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	1	5
Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg: Assessing Coherence of Text Classifiers	Sep 10, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BiomedRAG: A Retrieval Augmented Large Language Model for Biomedicine	May 1, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Black-Box Attacks on Sequential Recommenders via Data-Free Model Extraction	Sep 1, 2021	Data PoisoningKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Black-box Prompt Learning for Pre-trained Language Models	Jan 21, 2022	Prompt Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Blacklight: Scalable Defense for Neural Networks against Query-Based Black-Box Attacks	Jun 24, 2020	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Hierarchical Topic Mining via Joint Spherical Tree and Text Embedding	Jul 18, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Hierarchical Verbalizer for Few-Shot Hierarchical Text Classification	May 26, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Hierarchy-aware Label Semantics Matching Network for Hierarchical Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
HILL: Hierarchy-aware Information Lossless Contrastive Learning for Hierarchical Text Classification	Mar 26, 2024	Contrastive LearningDocument Embedding	CodeCode Available	1	5
Advanced Dropout: A Model-free Methodology for Bayesian Dropout Optimization	Oct 11, 2020	Network Pruningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Exploration of Encoder-Decoder Approaches to Multi-Label Classification for Legal and Biomedical Text	May 9, 2023	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	1	5
ClimateBert: A Pretrained Language Model for Climate-Related Text	Oct 22, 2021	ArticlesFact Checking	CodeCode Available	1	5
Building Efficient Universal Classifiers with Natural Language Inference	Dec 29, 2023	ClassificationNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	1	5
Calibrated Language Model Fine-Tuning for In- and Out-of-Distribution Data	Oct 22, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Improving BERT Fine-Tuning via Self-Ensemble and Self-Distillation	Feb 24, 2020	Natural Language Inferencetext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Can LLMs Effectively Leverage Graph Structural Information through Prompts, and Why?	Sep 28, 2023	Graph LearningNode Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Incorporating BERT into Neural Machine Translation	Feb 17, 2020	DecoderMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	1	5
ContrastNet: A Contrastive Learning Framework for Few-Shot Text Classification	May 16, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Amharic News Text classification Dataset	Mar 10, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cost-Sensitive BERT for Generalisable Sentence Classification with Imbalanced Data	Mar 16, 2020	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
CARE: Collaborative AI-Assisted Reading Environment	Feb 24, 2023	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
InfoCL: Alleviating Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Text Classification from An Information Theoretic Perspective	Oct 10, 2023	ClassificationContinual Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
iNLTK: Natural Language Toolkit for Indic Languages	Sep 26, 2020	Data AugmentationParaphrase Generation	CodeCode Available	1	5
AEDA: An Easier Data Augmentation Technique for Text Classification	Aug 30, 2021	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Challenges in Automated Debiasing for Toxic Language Detection	Jan 29, 2021	Fairnesstext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
ChatAgri: Exploring Potentials of ChatGPT on Cross-linguistic Agricultural Text Classification	May 24, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Contextualized Weak Supervision for Text Classification	Jul 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Joint Optimization of Tokenization and Downstream Model	May 26, 2021	Machine Translationmodel	CodeCode Available	1	5
KERMIT: Complementing Transformer Architectures with Encoders of Explicit Syntactic Interpretations	Nov 1, 2020	Representation LearningSentence	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Embarrassingly Simple Method to Mitigate Undesirable Properties of Pretrained Language Model Tokenizers	May 1, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Continual Learning for Text Classification with Information Disentanglement Based Regularization	Apr 12, 2021	Continual LearningDisentanglement	CodeCode Available	1	5
ChineseBERT: Chinese Pretraining Enhanced by Glyph and Pinyin Information	Jun 30, 2021	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Empirical Study of Invariant Risk Minimization	Apr 10, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept Matching for Low-Resource Classification	Jun 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Empirical Study on Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification Including Few and Zero-Shot Labels	Oct 4, 2020	Multi-Label ClassificationMUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION	CodeCode Available	1	5
Knowledgeable Prompt-tuning: Incorporating Knowledge into Prompt Verbalizer for Text Classification	Aug 4, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Prompt Tuned Embedding Classification for Multi-Label Industry Sector Allocation	Sep 21, 2023	BenchmarkingClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified