Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 2201–2250 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Uncertainty-aware Self-training for Text Classification with Few Labels	Jun 27, 2020	General ClassificationPseudo Label	—Unverified
Uncertainty Based Active Learning Strategy for Interactive Weakly Supervised Learning through Data Programming	Oct 15, 2020	Active LearningBIG-bench Machine Learning	—Unverified
Uncertainty Estimation of Transformers' Predictions via Topological Analysis of the Attention Matrices	Aug 22, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Uncertainty-guided Model Generalization to Unseen Domains	Mar 12, 2021	Domain Generalizationimage-classification	—Unverified
Uncertainty Regularized Multi-Task Learning	May 1, 2022	Multi-Task Learningtext-classification	—Unverified
Undermining Image and Text Classification Algorithms Using Adversarial Attacks	Nov 3, 2024	ClassificationFace Recognition	—Unverified
Understanding Attention for Text Classification	Jul 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Understanding BLOOM: An empirical study on diverse NLP tasks	Nov 27, 2022	DecoderFew-Shot Text Classification	—Unverified
Understanding, Detecting, and Separating Out-of-Distribution Samples and Adversarial Samples in Text Classification	Apr 9, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Understanding Satirical Articles Using Common-Sense	Jan 1, 2016	ArticlesClassification	—Unverified
Understanding Text Classification Data and Models Using Aggregated Input Salience	Nov 10, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
UniDrop: A Simple yet Effective Technique to Improve Transformer without Extra Cost	Apr 11, 2021	General ClassificationMachine Translation	—Unverified
Unified Expectation Maximization	Jun 1, 2012	Machine TranslationText Classification	—Unverified
Unified Generative and Discriminative Training for Multi-modal Large Language Models	Nov 1, 2024	Dynamic Time WarpingImage-text Classification	—Unverified
Unifying Question Answering, Text Classification, and Regression via Span Extraction	Apr 19, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
UNITE-FND: Reframing Multimodal Fake News Detection through Unimodal Scene Translation	Feb 16, 2025	Binary ClassificationFake News Detection	—Unverified
Universal Adversarial Perturbation for Text Classification	Oct 10, 2019	Adversarial TextClassification	—Unverified
Universal Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Jun 16, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	—Unverified
Universal Dependencies-based syntactic features in detecting human translation varieties	Jan 1, 2017	Machine TranslationText Classification	—Unverified
Universal Kernels on Non-Standard Input Spaces	Dec 1, 2010	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Patent Classification	Dec 1, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Universal Rules for Fooling Deep Neural Networks based Text Classification	Jan 22, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Universal Training of Neural Networks to Achieve Bayes Optimal Classification Accuracy	Jan 13, 2025	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Unlearnable Text for Neural Classifiers	Jan 16, 2022	ClassificationGender Classification	—Unverified
Unleashing the power of Neural Collapse for Transferability Estimation	Oct 9, 2023	Fairnessimage-classification	—Unverified
Unraveling reported dreams with text analytics	Dec 12, 2016	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Unseen Word Representation by Aligning Heterogeneous Lexical Semantic Spaces	Nov 12, 2018	General ClassificationGraph Embedding	—Unverified
Unsupervised Data Augmentation with Naive Augmentation and without Unlabeled Data	Oct 22, 2020	Data Augmentationtext-classification	—Unverified
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Text Classification via Meta Self-Paced Learning	Oct 1, 2022	Domain AdaptationMeta-Learning	—Unverified
Unsupervised Energy-based Adversarial Domain Adaptation for Cross-domain Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	Cross-Domain Text ClassificationDomain Adaptation	—Unverified
Unsupervised Fine-tuning for Text Clustering	Dec 1, 2020	Clusteringtext-classification	—Unverified
Unsupervised Identification of Translationese	Sep 11, 2016	ClusteringGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Unsupervised Reinforcement Adaptation for Class-Imbalanced TextClassification	Jan 16, 2022	Domain Adaptationreinforcement-learning	—Unverified
UNT: A Supervised Synergistic Approach to Semantic Text Similarity	Jul 1, 2012	Graph MatchingInformation Retrieval	—Unverified
UOR: Universal Backdoor Attacks on Pre-trained Language Models	May 16, 2023	Backdoor AttackContrastive Learning	—Unverified
UPB at SemEval-2021 Task 7: Adversarial Multi-Task Learning for Detecting and Rating Humor and Offense	Apr 13, 2021	Multi-Task Learningtext-classification	—Unverified
Updating Pre-trained Word Vectors and Text Classifiers using Monolingual Alignment	Oct 14, 2019	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Using BERT for Qualitative Content Analysis in Psychosocial Online Counseling	Nov 1, 2020	BIG-bench Machine Learningtext-classification	—Unverified
Using Classifier Features to Determine Language Transfer on Morphemes	Jun 1, 2018	Cross-corpusLanguage Acquisition	—Unverified
Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Classify Hate-Speech	Aug 1, 2017	General ClassificationNamed Entity Recognition (NER)	—Unverified
Using Graphs for Word Embedding with Enhanced Semantic Relations	Nov 1, 2019	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Using Graphs of Classifiers to Impose Declarative Constraints on Semi-supervised Learning	Mar 5, 2017	Bayesian OptimizationClassification	—Unverified
Using Language Models on Low-end Hardware	Jul 17, 2021	ClassificationLanguage Modeling	—Unverified
Using Language Models on Low-end Hardware	May 3, 2023	ClassificationLanguage Modeling	—Unverified
Using Machine Translation to Augment Multilingual Classification	May 9, 2024	ClassificationImage Captioning	—Unverified
Using Natural Language Processing to find Indication for Burnout with Text Classification: From Online Data to Real-World Data	Sep 22, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
Using PU-Learning to Detect Deceptive Opinion Spam	Jun 1, 2013	Opinion MiningText Classification	—Unverified
Using Skipgrams, Bigrams, and Part of Speech Features for Sentiment Classification of Twitter Messages	Dec 1, 2015	General ClassificationOpinion Mining	—Unverified
Using Text Classification with a Bayesian Correction for Estimating Overreporting in the Creditor Reporting System on Climate Adaptation Finance	Nov 30, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified
UTCNN: a Deep Learning Model of Stance Classification on Social Media Text	Dec 1, 2016	Document ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified