Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 51–100 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Compositional Generalization for Multi-label Text Classification: A Data-Augmentation Approach	Dec 18, 2023	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cluster & Tune: Boost Cold Start Performance in Text Classification	Mar 20, 2022	ClassificationClustering	CodeCode Available	1	5
A New Korean Text Classification Benchmark for Recognizing the Political Intents in Online Newspapers	Nov 3, 2023	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Classifying Unstructured Clinical Notes via Automatic Weak Supervision	Jun 24, 2022	DiagnosticText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
CLIBE: Detecting Dynamic Backdoors in Transformer-based NLP Models	Sep 2, 2024	Text ClassificationText Generation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Co-attention network with label embedding for text classification	Nov 4, 2021	ClassificationMulti-class Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
ClimateBert: A Pretrained Language Model for Climate-Related Text	Oct 22, 2021	ArticlesFact Checking	CodeCode Available	1	5
Closing the Loop: Fast, Interactive Semi-Supervised Annotation With Queries on Features and Instances	Jul 1, 2011	Active LearningInformation Extraction	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Exploration of Encoder-Decoder Approaches to Multi-Label Classification for Legal and Biomedical Text	May 9, 2023	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	1	5
CODE-ACCORD: A Corpus of Building Regulatory Data for Rule Generation towards Automatic Compliance Checking	Mar 4, 2024	Relation ExtractionSentence	CodeCode Available	1	5
Annotation Error Detection: Analyzing the Past and Present for a More Coherent Future	Jun 5, 2022	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cold-start Active Learning through Self-supervised Language Modeling	Oct 19, 2020	Active LearningClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept-Based Label Embedding via Dynamic Routing for Hierarchical Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
ChineseBERT: Chinese Pretraining Enhanced by Glyph and Pinyin Information	Jun 30, 2021	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Neural Few-Shot Text Classification Reality Check	Jan 28, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Empirical Study of Invariant Risk Minimization	Apr 10, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Empirical Study on Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification Including Few and Zero-Shot Labels	Oct 4, 2020	Multi-Label ClassificationMUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Evaluation Dataset for Intent Classification and Out-of-Scope Prediction	Sep 4, 2019	BenchmarkingGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Class Adaptive Network Calibration	Nov 28, 2022	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
CharBERT: Character-aware Pre-trained Language Model	Nov 3, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Character-level Convolutional Networks for Text Classification	Sep 4, 2015	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	1	5
ChatAgri: Exploring Potentials of ChatGPT on Cross-linguistic Agricultural Text Classification	May 24, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cartography Active Learning	Sep 9, 2021	Active Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
AdaSplash: Adaptive Sparse Flash Attention	Feb 17, 2025	GPULanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Embarrassingly Simple Method to Mitigate Undesirable Properties of Pretrained Language Model Tokenizers	May 1, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Challenges in Automated Debiasing for Toxic Language Detection	Jan 29, 2021	Fairnesstext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Classifying Scientific Publications with BERT -- Is Self-Attention a Feature Selection Method?	Jan 20, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Concept Bottleneck Large Language Models	Dec 11, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Black-box Prompt Learning for Pre-trained Language Models	Jan 21, 2022	Prompt Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BiomedRAG: A Retrieval Augmented Large Language Model for Biomedicine	May 1, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Blacklight: Scalable Defense for Neural Networks against Query-Based Black-Box Attacks	Jun 24, 2020	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Beyond the Next Token: Towards Prompt-Robust Zero-Shot Classification via Efficient Multi-Token Prediction	Apr 4, 2025	AttributeLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
ALL-IN-1: Short Text Classification with One Model for All Languages	Oct 26, 2017	AllGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Better Robustness by More Coverage: Adversarial Training with Mixup Augmentation for Robust Fine-tuning	Dec 31, 2020	Adversarial RobustnessData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg: Assessing Coherence of Text Classifiers	Sep 10, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Building Efficient Universal Classifiers with Natural Language Inference	Dec 29, 2023	ClassificationNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Hybrid Classification Approach using Topic Modeling and Graph Convolution Networks	Sep 19, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BERTweet: A pre-trained language model for English Tweets	May 20, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
AlleNoise: large-scale text classification benchmark dataset with real-world label noise	Jun 24, 2024	ClassificationLearning with noisy labels	CodeCode Available	1	5
Beyond Prompting: Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Zero-shot Learners by Clustering Representations	Oct 29, 2022	ClusteringSentence	CodeCode Available	1	5
AMR-DA: Data Augmentation by Abstract Meaning Representation	May 1, 2022	Abstract Meaning RepresentationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Big Bird: Transformers for Longer Sequences	Jul 28, 2020	Linguistic AcceptabilityNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	1	5
Black-Box Attacks on Sequential Recommenders via Data-Free Model Extraction	Sep 1, 2021	Data PoisoningKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Black-box Generation of Adversarial Text Sequences to Evade Deep Learning Classifiers	Jan 13, 2018	Adversarial TextGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
BertGCN: Transductive Text Classification by Combining GCN and BERT	May 12, 2021	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Amharic News Text classification Dataset	Mar 10, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Study	Dec 30, 2021	AttributeBenchmarking	CodeCode Available	1	5
CARE: Collaborative AI-Assisted Reading Environment	Feb 24, 2023	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Batch Normalized Inference Network Keeps the KL Vanishing Away	Apr 27, 2020	Dialogue GenerationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Be More with Less: Hypergraph Attention Networks for Inductive Text Classification	Nov 1, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified