Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 801–850 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype
Make Text Unlearnable: Exploiting Effective Patterns to Protect Personal Data	Jul 2, 2023	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0
Hybrid uncertainty quantification for selective text classification in ambiguous tasks	Jul 1, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified	0
Automatic Counterfactual Augmentation for Robust Text Classification Based on Word-Group Search	Jul 1, 2023	counterfactualFairness	—Unverified	0
Low-Resource Cross-Lingual Adaptive Training for Nigerian Pidgin	Jul 1, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
Meta-training with Demonstration Retrieval for Efficient Few-shot Learning	Jun 30, 2023	Few-Shot LearningGPU	—Unverified	0
Investigating Cross-Domain Behaviors of BERT in Review Understanding	Jun 27, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified	0
On the Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Efficient Data-free Adversarial Detection	Jun 27, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
Label-Aware Hyperbolic Embeddings for Fine-grained Emotion Classification	Jun 26, 2023	ClassificationEmotion Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Deconstructing Classifiers: Towards A Data Reconstruction Attack Against Text Classification Models	Jun 23, 2023	ClassificationReconstruction Attack	—Unverified	0
Evolutionary Verbalizer Search for Prompt-based Few Shot Text Classification	Jun 18, 2023	Few-Shot Text ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	0
Description-Enhanced Label Embedding Contrastive Learning for Text Classification	Jun 15, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	0
MetricPrompt: Prompting Model as a Relevance Metric for Few-shot Text Classification	Jun 15, 2023	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
One Law, Many Languages: Benchmarking Multilingual Legal Reasoning for Judicial Support	Jun 15, 2023	BenchmarkingInformation Retrieval	CodeCode Available	0
Learning to Specialize: Joint Gating-Expert Training for Adaptive MoEs in Decentralized Settings	Jun 14, 2023	DiversityFederated Learning	—Unverified	0
Rank-Aware Negative Training for Semi-Supervised Text Classification	Jun 13, 2023	ClassificationSemi-Supervised Text Classification	CodeCode Available	0
h2oGPT: Democratizing Large Language Models	Jun 13, 2023	ChatbotFairness	CodeCode Available	6
Artificial Artificial Artificial Intelligence: Crowd Workers Widely Use Large Language Models for Text Production Tasks	Jun 13, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Soft Language Clustering for Multilingual Model Pre-training	Jun 13, 2023	ClusteringCross-Lingual Transfer	—Unverified	0
Textual Augmentation Techniques Applied to Low Resource Machine Translation: Case of Swahili	Jun 12, 2023	Data AugmentationMachine Translation	—Unverified	0
Imbalanced Multi-label Classification for Business-related Text with Moderately Large Label Spaces	Jun 12, 2023	Multi-Label ClassificationMUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION	—Unverified	0
Linear Classifier: An Often-Forgotten Baseline for Text Classification	Jun 12, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Privacy- and Utility-Preserving NLP with Anonymized Data: A case study of Pseudonymization	Jun 8, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0
Assessing Phrase Break of ESL Speech with Pre-trained Language Models and Large Language Models	Jun 8, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	—Unverified	0
Leveraging Language Identification to Enhance Code-Mixed Text Classification	Jun 8, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified	0
Interpretable Medical Diagnostics with Structured Data Extraction by Large Language Models	Jun 8, 2023	Diagnostictext-classification	—Unverified	0
T3L: Translate-and-Test Transfer Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Jun 8, 2023	ClassificationCross-Lingual Transfer	CodeCode Available	0
Analysis of the Fed's communication by using textual entailment model of Zero-Shot classification	Jun 7, 2023	Natural Language InferenceSentiment Analysis	—Unverified	0
Contrastive Bootstrapping for Label Refinement	Jun 7, 2023	Clusteringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0
CL-UZH at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Sexism Detection through Incremental Fine-Tuning and Multi-Task Learning with Label Descriptions	Jun 6, 2023	Multi-Task Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0
CELDA: Leveraging Black-box Language Model as Enhanced Classifier without Labels	Jun 5, 2023	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	—Unverified	0
TART: Improved Few-shot Text Classification Using Task-Adaptive Reference Transformation	Jun 3, 2023	Few-Shot Text ClassificationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available	0
Word Embeddings for Banking Industry	Jun 2, 2023	Sentiment Analysistext-classification	—Unverified	0
Learning Transformer Programs	Jun 1, 2023	In-Context LearningInterpretable Machine Learning	CodeCode Available	1
Adversarial Clean Label Backdoor Attacks and Defenses on Text Classification Systems	May 31, 2023	Data Poisoningtext-classification	—Unverified	0
Analyzing Text Representations by Measuring Task Alignment	May 31, 2023	ClassificationClustering	—Unverified	0
Efficient Shapley Values Estimation by Amortization for Text Classification	May 31, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Machine Learning Approach for Cancer Entities Association and Classification	May 30, 2023	ArticlesClassification	—Unverified	0
Cross Encoding as Augmentation: Towards Effective Educational Text Classification	May 30, 2023	ClassificationData Augmentation	—Unverified	0
LM-CPPF: Paraphrasing-Guided Data Augmentation for Contrastive Prompt-Based Few-Shot Fine-Tuning	May 29, 2023	Contrastive LearningData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1
Multiscale Positive-Unlabeled Detection of AI-Generated Texts	May 29, 2023	Language Modellingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	2
Mitigating Label Biases for In-context Learning	May 28, 2023	In-Context Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
A Two-Stage Decoder for Efficient ICD Coding	May 27, 2023	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	0
A Framework For Refining Text Classification and Object Recognition from Academic Articles	May 27, 2023	ArticlesObject Recognition	—Unverified	0
D-CALM: A Dynamic Clustering-based Active Learning Approach for Mitigating Bias	May 26, 2023	Active LearningClustering	—Unverified	0
Hierarchical Verbalizer for Few-Shot Hierarchical Text Classification	May 26, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	CodeCode Available	1
Label Agnostic Pre-training for Zero-shot Text Classification	May 25, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Perturbation-based Self-supervised Attention for Attention Bias in Text Classification	May 25, 2023	Sentencetext-classification	—Unverified	0
EXnet: Efficient In-context Learning for Data-less Text classification	May 24, 2023	In-Context LearningQuestion Answering	—Unverified	0
Estimating class separability of text embeddings with persistent homology	May 24, 2023	Language ModellingMulti Class Text Classification	—Unverified	0
PESCO: Prompt-enhanced Self Contrastive Learning for Zero-shot Text Classification	May 24, 2023	ClassificationContrastive Learning	—Unverified	0

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	Longformer	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified