Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

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Showing 701–750 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Guarded Query Routing for Large Language Models	May 20, 2025	Large Language Modeltext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Gated Convolutional Bidirectional Attention-based Model for Off-topic Spoken Response Detection	Apr 20, 2020	Machine Reading ComprehensionQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	5
GAProtoNet: A Multi-head Graph Attention-based Prototypical Network for Interpretable Text Classification	Sep 20, 2024	Graph Attentiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Generalized Funnelling: Ensemble Learning and Heterogeneous Document Embeddings for Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Sep 17, 2021	Ensemble LearningMultilabel Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Fusing Document, Collection and Label Graph-based Representations with Word Embeddings for Text Classification	Jun 1, 2018	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
Fusing Models with Complementary Expertise	Oct 2, 2023	Multiple-choicetext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Fuse to Forget: Bias Reduction and Selective Memorization through Model Fusion	Nov 13, 2023	Memorizationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Cognitive-Mental-LLM: Evaluating Reasoning in Large Language Models for Mental Health Prediction via Online Text	Mar 13, 2025	Specificitytext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
A Japanese Masked Language Model for Academic Domain	Oct 1, 2022	ArticlesLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Enhancing Source Code Classification Effectiveness via Prompt Learning Incorporating Knowledge Features	Jan 10, 2024	ClassificationCode Classification	CodeCode Available	5
From Small to Large Language Models: Revisiting the Federalist Papers	Feb 25, 2025	Authorship AttributionDimensionality Reduction	CodeCode Available	5
FPT: Feature Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Readability Assessment	Apr 3, 2024	16kFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
ASCM: An Answer Space Clustered Prompting Method without Answer Engineering	May 1, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	5
FRAGE: Frequency-Agnostic Word Representation	Sep 18, 2018	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	5
Artificial Interrogation for Attributing Language Models	Nov 20, 2022	Machine TranslationMulti Class Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
GANs for Semi-Supervised Opinion Spam Detection	Mar 19, 2019	General ClassificationGenerative Adversarial Network	CodeCode Available	5
Adaptive Cascading Network for Continual Test-Time Adaptation	Jul 17, 2024	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Combining Autoregressive and Autoencoder Language Models for Text Classification	Nov 20, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
From Random to Supervised: A Novel Dropout Mechanism Integrated with Global Information	Aug 24, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Funnelling: A New Ensemble Method for Heterogeneous Transfer Learning and its Application to Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Jan 31, 2019	AllClassification	CodeCode Available	5
GUDN: A novel guide network with label reinforcement strategy for extreme multi-label text classification	Jan 10, 2022	4kMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
How would Stance Detection Techniques Evolve after the Launch of ChatGPT?	Dec 30, 2022	Language ModellingStance Detection	CodeCode Available	5
FlauBERT: Unsupervised Language Model Pre-training for French	Dec 11, 2019	FLUELanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Adaptive Cross-lingual Text Classification through In-Context One-Shot Demonstrations	Apr 3, 2024	Cross-Lingual Transfertext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
A Simple and Effective Approach for Fine Tuning Pre-trained Word Embeddings for Improved Text Classification	Aug 7, 2019	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
FLAG: Financial Long Document Classification via AMR-based GNN	Oct 2, 2024	Abstract Meaning RepresentationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	5
FLAIR: An Easy-to-Use Framework for State-of-the-Art NLP	Jun 1, 2019	ChunkingNamed Entity Recognition (NER)	CodeCode Available	5
Glyce: Glyph-vectors for Chinese Character Representations	Jan 29, 2019	Chinese Dependency ParsingChinese Named Entity Recognition	CodeCode Available	5
A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning	Oct 18, 2022	Cross-Lingual Transfertext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
GNNavi: Navigating the Information Flow in Large Language Models by Graph Neural Network	Feb 18, 2024	Graph Neural NetworkIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	5
A Library Perspective on Supervised Text Processing in Digital Libraries: An Investigation in the Biomedical Domain	Nov 6, 2024	Knowledge GraphsRelation Extraction	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-Sentinel: Distinguishing Human and ChatGPT Generated Content	May 13, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Fine-grained domain classification of text using TERMIUM Plus	Sep 1, 2017	Classificationdomain classification	CodeCode Available	5
Adapting Neural Text Classification for Improved Software Categorization	Jun 5, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
CL-UZH at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Sexism Detection through Incremental Fine-Tuning and Multi-Task Learning with Label Descriptions	Jun 6, 2023	Multi-Task Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Comparing Specialised Small and General Large Language Models on Text Classification: 100 Labelled Samples to Achieve Break-Even Performance	Feb 20, 2024	In-Context LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Gzip versus bag-of-words for text classification	Jul 27, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Few-Shot Text Classification with Pre-Trained Word Embeddings and a Human in the Loop	Apr 5, 2018	Few-Shot LearningFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Fighting Randomness with Randomness: Mitigating Optimisation Instability of Fine-Tuning using Delayed Ensemble and Noisy Interpolation	Jun 18, 2024	Computational EfficiencyData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	5
Few-Shot Charge Prediction with Discriminative Legal Attributes	Aug 1, 2018	AttributePrediction	CodeCode Available	5
A Simple yet Brisk and Efficient Active Learning Platform for Text Classification	Jan 31, 2021	Active LearningBIG-bench Machine Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Multi-Label Learning for Structured Label Spaces	Oct 1, 2018	General ClassificationMulti-Label Classification	CodeCode Available	5
AI-Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Deep Learning and Large Language Models for Extracting Cognitive Pathways from Social Media Texts	Apr 17, 2024	Deep LearningHallucination	CodeCode Available	5
Comparison between parameter-efficient techniques and full fine-tuning: A case study on multilingual news article classification	Aug 14, 2023	ClassificationMultilingual text classification	CodeCode Available	5
FedNLP: Benchmarking Federated Learning Methods for Natural Language Processing Tasks	Apr 18, 2021	BenchmarkingFederated Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Few-shot Pseudo-Labeling for Intent Detection	Dec 8, 2020	ClusteringIntent Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Ask Me Anything: Dynamic Memory Networks for Natural Language Processing	Jun 24, 2015	General ClassificationPart-Of-Speech Tagging	CodeCode Available	5
FilipN@LT-EDI-ACL2022-Detecting signs of Depression from Social Media: Examining the use of summarization methods as data augmentation for text classification	May 1, 2022	Abstractive Text SummarizationClassification	CodeCode Available	5
Adaptive Meta-learner via Gradient Similarity for Few-shot Text Classification	Sep 10, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Fake News Detection: a comparison between available Deep Learning techniques in vector space	Feb 18, 2021	Fake News Detectiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	Longformer	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified