Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 551–600 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Hierarchical Attentional Hybrid Neural Networks for Document Classification	Jan 20, 2019	ClassificationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Azimuth: Systematic Error Analysis for Text Classification	Dec 16, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
HCMS at SemEval-2020 Task 9: A Neural Approach to Sentiment Analysis for Code-Mixed Texts	Jul 23, 2020	Sentiment AnalysisSentiment Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Hard Prompts Made Interpretable: Sparse Entropy Regularization for Prompt Tuning with RL	Jul 20, 2024	Few-Shot Text ClassificationQ-Learning	CodeCode Available	5
An Automated Text Categorization Framework based on Hyperparameter Optimization	Apr 6, 2017	Authorship AttributionGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Detection Using Cross-Platform Social Media Data In English and German Language	Oct 2, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
AutoML-guided Fusion of Entity and LLM-based Representations for Document Classification	Aug 19, 2024	AutoMLClassification	CodeCode Available	5
Handwriting Classification for the Analysis of Art-Historical Documents	Nov 4, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Hierarchical Interpretation of Neural Text Classification	Feb 20, 2022	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
GUIDEQ: Framework for Guided Questioning for progressive informational collection and classification	Nov 8, 2024	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
GUDN: A novel guide network with label reinforcement strategy for extreme multi-label text classification	Jan 10, 2022	4kMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
GW-MoE: Resolving Uncertainty in MoE Router with Global Workspace Theory	Jun 18, 2024	Code GenerationMathematical Problem-Solving	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Text-based Personality Recognition on Monologues and Multiparty Dialogues Using Attentive Networks and Contextual Embeddings	Nov 21, 2019	General Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Adverb Is the Key: Simple Text Data Augmentation with Adverb Deletion	Mar 29, 2024	Data AugmentationNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	5
Guarded Query Routing for Large Language Models	May 20, 2025	Large Language Modeltext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Gzip versus bag-of-words for text classification	Jul 27, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Scoring of Dream Reports' Emotional Content with Large Language Models	Feb 28, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	5
A Variational Approach for Learning from Positive and Unlabeled Data	Jun 3, 2019	Fraud Detectiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Graph Neural Networks on Discriminative Graphs of Words	Oct 27, 2024	Classificationgraph construction	CodeCode Available	5
Graph Star Net for Generalized Multi-Task Learning	Jun 21, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Hierarchical Multi-label Classification of Text with Capsule Networks	Jul 1, 2019	AttributeClassification	CodeCode Available	5
GNN-CNN: An Efficient Hybrid Model of Convolutional and Graph Neural Networks for Text Representation	Jul 10, 2025	Graph GenerationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-Sentinel: Distinguishing Human and ChatGPT Generated Content	May 13, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	5
G-MAP: General Memory-Augmented Pre-trained Language Model for Domain Tasks	Dec 7, 2022	General KnowledgeLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Glyce: Glyph-vectors for Chinese Character Representations	Jan 29, 2019	Chinese Dependency ParsingChinese Named Entity Recognition	CodeCode Available	5
GNNavi: Navigating the Information Flow in Large Language Models by Graph Neural Network	Feb 18, 2024	Graph Neural NetworkIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Grad2Task: Improved Few-shot Text Classification Using Gradients for Task Representation	Jan 27, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available	5
GILE: A Generalized Input-Label Embedding for Text Classification	Jun 16, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Generative Calibration for In-context Learning	Oct 16, 2023	In-Context Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Global Hierarchical Neural Networks using Hierarchical Softmax	Aug 2, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic deductive coding in discourse analysis: an application of large language models in learning analytics	Oct 2, 2024	Feature EngineeringLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Generalized Funnelling: Ensemble Learning and Heterogeneous Document Embeddings for Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Sep 17, 2021	Ensemble LearningMultilabel Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Abstractive Text Classification Using Sequence-to-convolution Neural Networks	May 20, 2018	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	5
Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples through Probability Weighted Word Saliency	Jul 1, 2019	Adversarial AttackClassification	CodeCode Available	5
GAProtoNet: A Multi-head Graph Attention-based Prototypical Network for Interpretable Text Classification	Sep 20, 2024	Graph Attentiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Analysis of the Evolution of Advanced Transformer-Based Language Models: Experiments on Opinion Mining	Aug 7, 2023	Emotion RecognitionOpinion Mining	CodeCode Available	5
Gated Convolutional Bidirectional Attention-based Model for Off-topic Spoken Response Detection	Apr 20, 2020	Machine Reading ComprehensionQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	5
Analysis of Socially Unacceptable Discourse with Zero-shot Learning	Sep 10, 2024	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Improving Black-box Robustness with In-Context Rewriting	Feb 13, 2024	News Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Funnelling: A New Ensemble Method for Heterogeneous Transfer Learning and its Application to Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Jan 31, 2019	AllClassification	CodeCode Available	5
Fuse to Forget: Bias Reduction and Selective Memorization through Model Fusion	Nov 13, 2023	Memorizationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
Automated stance detection in complex topics and small languages: the challenging case of immigration in polarizing news media	May 22, 2023	Stance Detectiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	5
From Random to Supervised: A Novel Dropout Mechanism Integrated with Global Information	Aug 24, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
From Small to Large Language Models: Revisiting the Federalist Papers	Feb 25, 2025	Authorship AttributionDimensionality Reduction	CodeCode Available	5
Fusing Document, Collection and Label Graph-based Representations with Word Embeddings for Text Classification	Jun 1, 2018	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
Automated labeling of bugs and tickets using attention-based mechanisms in recurrent neural networks	Jul 8, 2018	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	5
FPT: Feature Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Readability Assessment	Apr 3, 2024	16kFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Automated ICD Coding using Extreme Multi-label Long Text Transformer-based Models	Dec 12, 2022	Multi Label Text ClassificationMulti-Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	5
An Accelerated Algorithm for Stochastic Bilevel Optimization under Unbounded Smoothness	Sep 28, 2024	Bilevel OptimizationLEMMA	CodeCode Available	5
FRAGE: Frequency-Agnostic Word Representation	Sep 18, 2018	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	5

Show:10 25 50

← PrevPage 12 of 73Next →

All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified