Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

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Showing 501–550 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
BertGCN: Transductive Text Classification by Combining GCN and BERT	May 12, 2021	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cartography Active Learning	Sep 9, 2021	Active Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Rotom: A Meta-Learned Data Augmentation Framework for Entity Matching, Data Cleaning, Text Classification, and Beyond	Jun 1, 2021	Data AugmentationEntity Resolution	CodeCode Available	1	5
HiTIN: Hierarchy-aware Tree Isomorphism Network for Hierarchical Text Classification	May 24, 2023	Hierarchical Multi-label ClassificationMulti-Label Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Gradient-Based Adversarial Training on Transformer Networks for Detecting Check-Worthy Factual Claims	Feb 18, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Graph Convolutional Networks for Text Classification	Sep 15, 2018	General ClassificationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	1	5
Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification of Scientific Documents	Nov 5, 2022	ClassificationHierarchical Multi-label Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Behavioral Factors in Interactive Training of Text Classifiers	Jun 1, 2012	BIG-bench Machine LearningSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	1	5
BiomedRAG: A Retrieval Augmented Large Language Model for Biomedicine	May 1, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
GUIDEQ: Framework for Guided Questioning for progressive informational collection and classification	Nov 8, 2024	Question Answeringtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
GUDN: A novel guide network with label reinforcement strategy for extreme multi-label text classification	Jan 10, 2022	4kMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
GW-MoE: Resolving Uncertainty in MoE Router with Global Workspace Theory	Jun 18, 2024	Code GenerationMathematical Problem-Solving	CodeCode Available	0	5
Adversarial Mixing Policy for Relaxing Locally Linear Constraints in Mixup	Sep 15, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Guarded Query Routing for Large Language Models	May 20, 2025	Large Language Modeltext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Gzip versus bag-of-words for text classification	Jul 27, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Graph Neural Networks on Discriminative Graphs of Words	Oct 27, 2024	Classificationgraph construction	CodeCode Available	0	5
BDA: Bangla Text Data Augmentation Framework	Dec 11, 2024	Data Augmentationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
BCH-NLP at BioCreative VII Track 3: medications detection in tweets using transformer networks and multi-task learning	Nov 26, 2021	AllData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	0	5
Grad2Task: Improved Few-shot Text Classification Using Gradients for Task Representation	Jan 27, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
Graph Star Net for Generalized Multi-Task Learning	Jun 21, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
BBAEG: Towards BERT-based Biomedical Adversarial Example Generation for Text Classification	Apr 5, 2021	Decision MakingGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
GNNavi: Navigating the Information Flow in Large Language Models by Graph Neural Network	Feb 18, 2024	Graph Neural NetworkIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
GNN-CNN: An Efficient Hybrid Model of Convolutional and Graph Neural Networks for Text Representation	Jul 10, 2025	Graph GenerationSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	0	5
Glyce: Glyph-vectors for Chinese Character Representations	Jan 29, 2019	Chinese Dependency ParsingChinese Named Entity Recognition	CodeCode Available	0	5
Global Hierarchical Neural Networks using Hierarchical Softmax	Aug 2, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
G-MAP: General Memory-Augmented Pre-trained Language Model for Domain Tasks	Dec 7, 2022	General KnowledgeLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Baseline Needs More Love: On Simple Word-Embedding-Based Models and Associated Pooling Mechanisms	May 24, 2018	Document ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
GILE: A Generalized Input-Label Embedding for Text Classification	Jun 16, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Adversarial Examples for Extreme Multilabel Text Classification	Dec 14, 2021	ClassificationMultilabel Text Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Bangla Text Classification using Transformers	Nov 9, 2020	Authorship AttributionClassification	CodeCode Available	0	5
GPT-Sentinel: Distinguishing Human and ChatGPT Generated Content	May 13, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Handwriting Classification for the Analysis of Art-Historical Documents	Nov 4, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Generating Natural Language Adversarial Examples through Probability Weighted Word Saliency	Jul 1, 2019	Adversarial AttackClassification	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Context Aware Approach for Generating Natural Language Attacks	Dec 24, 2020	Language ModellingSentence	CodeCode Available	0	5
Generalized Funnelling: Ensemble Learning and Heterogeneous Document Embeddings for Cross-Lingual Text Classification	Sep 17, 2021	Ensemble LearningMultilabel Text Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Bag of Tricks for In-Distribution Calibration of Pretrained Transformers	Feb 13, 2023	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	0	5
An Embarrassingly Simple Approach for Transfer Learning from Pretrained Language Models	Feb 27, 2019	General ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Bagging BERT Models for Robust Aggression Identification	May 1, 2020	Aggression Identificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Adversarial Dropout for Recurrent Neural Networks	Apr 22, 2019	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
GAProtoNet: A Multi-head Graph Attention-based Prototypical Network for Interpretable Text Classification	Sep 20, 2024	Graph Attentiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Adversarial Cooperative Rationalization: The Risk of Spurious Correlations in Even Clean Datasets	May 4, 2025	Graph Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Fusing Models with Complementary Expertise	Oct 2, 2023	Multiple-choicetext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Nearly Optimal Single Loop Algorithm for Stochastic Bilevel Optimization under Unbounded Smoothness	Dec 28, 2024	Bilevel OptimizationMeta-Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
GANs for Semi-Supervised Opinion Spam Detection	Mar 19, 2019	General ClassificationGenerative Adversarial Network	CodeCode Available	0	5
Gated Convolutional Bidirectional Attention-based Model for Off-topic Spoken Response Detection	Apr 20, 2020	Machine Reading ComprehensionQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	0	5
Generative Calibration for In-context Learning	Oct 16, 2023	In-Context Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hard Prompts Made Interpretable: Sparse Entropy Regularization for Prompt Tuning with RL	Jul 20, 2024	Few-Shot Text ClassificationQ-Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
From Random to Supervised: A Novel Dropout Mechanism Integrated with Global Information	Aug 24, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
FRAGE: Frequency-Agnostic Word Representation	Sep 18, 2018	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
From Small to Large Language Models: Revisiting the Federalist Papers	Feb 25, 2025	Authorship AttributionDimensionality Reduction	CodeCode Available	0	5

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	Longformer	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified