Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 451–500 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Sun-Shine: A Large Language Model for Tibetan Culture	Mar 24, 2025	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Generating Hierarchical Explanations on Text Classification via Feature Interaction Detection	Apr 4, 2020	ClassificationDecision Making	CodeCode Available	1	5
EPiDA: An Easy Plug-in Data Augmentation Framework for High Performance Text Classification	Apr 24, 2022	Data AugmentationDiversity	CodeCode Available	1	5
Syntax-augmented Multilingual BERT for Cross-lingual Transfer	Jun 3, 2021	Cross-Lingual Transfernamed-entity-recognition	CodeCode Available	1	5
Establishing Baselines for Text Classification in Low-Resource Languages	May 5, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Taxi1500: A Multilingual Dataset for Text Classification in 1500 Languages	May 15, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Bag-of-Words vs. Graph vs. Sequence in Text Classification: Questioning the Necessity of Text-Graphs and the Surprising Strength of a Wide MLP	Sep 8, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
TAVAT: Token-Aware Virtual Adversarial Training for Language Understanding	Apr 30, 2020	Natural Language Understandingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Cluster & Tune: Boost Cold Start Performance in Text Classification	Mar 20, 2022	ClassificationClustering	CodeCode Available	1	5
Evaluating Various Tokenizers for Arabic Text Classification	Jun 14, 2021	ClassificationNews Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey	Apr 17, 2019	BIG-bench Machine LearningClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Text Classification in Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks	Jul 27, 2022	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Funnel-Transformer: Filtering out Sequential Redundancy for Efficient Language Processing	Jun 5, 2020	DecoderReading Comprehension	CodeCode Available	1	5
Predicting Sentence-Level Factuality of News and Bias of Media Outlets	Jan 27, 2023	ArticlesFact Checking	CodeCode Available	1	5
Automatic Multi-Label Prompting: Simple and Interpretable Few-Shot Classification	Apr 13, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Amharic News Text classification Dataset	Mar 10, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploiting Global and Local Hierarchies for Hierarchical Text Classification	May 5, 2022	ClassificationMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Text Smoothing: Enhance Various Data Augmentation Methods on Text Classification Tasks	Feb 28, 2022	Data AugmentationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploiting Cloze Questions for Few Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inference	Jan 21, 2020	Few-Shot Text ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
The Effect of Metadata on Scientific Literature Tagging: A Cross-Field Cross-Model Study	Feb 7, 2023	Language ModellingMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Exploring and Predicting Transferability across NLP Tasks	May 2, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Behavioral Factors in Interactive Training of Text Classifiers	Jun 1, 2012	BIG-bench Machine LearningSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	1	5
The Right Tool for the Job: Matching Model and Instance Complexities	Apr 16, 2020	Natural Language Inferencetext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Thermodynamics-inspired Explanations of Artificial Intelligence	Jun 27, 2022	feature selectionimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Token Prediction as Implicit Classification to Identify LLM-Generated Text	Nov 15, 2023	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Towards a Unified View of Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning	Oct 8, 2021	Machine Translationparameter-efficient fine-tuning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Extending Logic Explained Networks to Text Classification	Nov 4, 2022	ClassificationSensitivity	CodeCode Available	1	5
Towards Robustness to Label Noise in Text Classification via Noise Modeling	Jan 27, 2021	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
A Neural Few-Shot Text Classification Reality Check	Jan 28, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Fastformer: Additive Attention Can Be All You Need	Aug 20, 2021	AllNews Recommendation	CodeCode Available	1	5
GIST: Generating Image-Specific Text for Fine-grained Object Classification	Jul 21, 2023	ClassificationFine-Grained Image Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Induction Networks for Few-Shot Text Classification	Feb 27, 2019	Few-Shot Text ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
HDLTex: Hierarchical Deep Learning for Text Classification	Sep 24, 2017	ClassificationDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	1	5
Adversarial Training with Fast Gradient Projection Method against Synonym Substitution based Text Attacks	Aug 9, 2020	Adversarial AttackImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification	Jul 6, 2016	CPUEmotion Recognition in Conversation	CodeCode Available	1	5
TreeMix: Compositional Constituency-based Data Augmentation for Natural Language Understanding	May 12, 2022	Constituency ParsingData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Embarrassingly Simple Method to Mitigate Undesirable Properties of Pretrained Language Model Tokenizers	May 1, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1	5
Are We Really Making Much Progress in Text Classification? A Comparative Review	Apr 8, 2022	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	1	5
Balancing Methods for Multi-label Text Classification with Long-Tailed Class Distribution	Sep 10, 2021	Document ClassificationMulti-Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Few-shot Text Classification with Distributional Signatures	Aug 16, 2019	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Understanding the Failure of Batch Normalization for Transformers in NLP	Oct 11, 2022	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
UL2: Unifying Language Learning Paradigms	May 10, 2022	Arithmetic ReasoningCommon Sense Reasoning	CodeCode Available	1	5
BanglaBERT: Language Model Pretraining and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Language Understanding Evaluation in Bangla	Jan 1, 2021	Document ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5
An Empirical Study of Invariant Risk Minimization	Apr 10, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Improving BERT Fine-Tuning via Self-Ensemble and Self-Distillation	Feb 24, 2020	Natural Language Inferencetext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Fine-Tuned 'Small' LLMs (Still) Significantly Outperform Zero-Shot Generative AI Models in Text Classification	Jun 12, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1	5
Latent Dirichlet Allocation	Jan 1, 2003	Collaborative Filteringparameter estimation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Few-Shot Text Classification with Triplet Networks, Data Augmentation, and Curriculum Learning	Mar 12, 2021	ClassificationData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1	5
Universal Sentence Encoder	Mar 29, 2018	Conversational Response SelectionSemantic Textual Similarity	CodeCode Available	1	5
Pre-Training to Learn in Context	May 16, 2023	In-Context LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1	5

Show:10 25 50

← PrevPage 10 of 73Next →

All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified