Text Classification

Text Classification is the task of assigning a sentence or document an appropriate category. The categories depend on the chosen dataset and can range from topics.

Text Classification problems include emotion classification, news classification, citation intent classification, among others. Benchmark datasets for evaluating text classification capabilities include GLUE, AGNews, among others.

In recent years, deep learning techniques like XLNet and RoBERTa have attained some of the biggest performance jumps for text classification problems.

( Image credit: Text Classification Algorithms: A Survey )

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 451–500 of 3635 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype
CogLTX: Applying BERT to Long Texts	Dec 1, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
SikuGPT: A Generative Pre-trained Model for Intelligent Information Processing of Ancient Texts from the Perspective of Digital Humanities	Apr 16, 2023	Cultural Vocal Bursts Intensity Predictiontext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Simple Spectral Graph Convolution	Jan 1, 2021	ClusteringNode Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Simplifying Graph Convolutional Networks	Feb 19, 2019	Graph RegressionImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Adaptable and Reliable Text Classification using Large Language Models	May 17, 2024	ClassificationMulti-Label Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Soft Prompting for Unlearning in Large Language Models	Jun 17, 2024	In-Context LearningMachine Unlearning	CodeCode Available	1
Sparse Distillation: Speeding Up Text Classification by Using Bigger Student Models	Oct 16, 2021	ClassificationDomain Generalization	CodeCode Available	1
SPIN: Sparsifying and Integrating Internal Neurons in Large Language Models for Text Classification	Nov 27, 2023	ClassificationSpecificity	CodeCode Available	1
Classifying Scientific Publications with BERT -- Is Self-Attention a Feature Selection Method?	Jan 20, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1
Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks for Text Classification	Jun 27, 2024	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
StablePrompt: Automatic Prompt Tuning using Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models	Oct 10, 2024	Question AnsweringReinforcement Learning (RL)	CodeCode Available	1
Stacked DeBERT: All Attention in Incomplete Data for Text Classification	Jan 1, 2020	AllChatbot	CodeCode Available	1
Class Adaptive Network Calibration	Nov 28, 2022	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Challenges in Automated Debiasing for Toxic Language Detection	Jan 29, 2021	Fairnesstext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Automatic Multi-Label Prompting: Simple and Interpretable Few-Shot Classification	Apr 13, 2022	Few-Shot Text ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1
An Amharic News Text classification Dataset	Mar 10, 2021	ArticlesClassification	CodeCode Available	1
Classifying Unstructured Clinical Notes via Automatic Weak Supervision	Jun 24, 2022	DiagnosticText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Tensor Graph Convolutional Networks for Text Classification	Jan 12, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1
TAVAT: Token-Aware Virtual Adversarial Training for Language Understanding	Apr 30, 2020	Natural Language Understandingtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Benchmarking Chinese Text Recognition: Datasets, Baselines, and an Empirical Study	Dec 30, 2021	AttributeBenchmarking	CodeCode Available	1
Text Classification in Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks	Jul 27, 2022	Classificationimage-classification	CodeCode Available	1
A Neural Few-Shot Text Classification Reality Check	Jan 28, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Text Classification Models for Form Entity Linking	Dec 14, 2021	ClassificationDiversity	CodeCode Available	1
Text Classification Using Label Names Only: A Language Model Self-Training Approach	Oct 14, 2020	ClassificationDocument Classification	CodeCode Available	1
TextGuard: Provable Defense against Backdoor Attacks on Text Classification	Nov 19, 2023	ClassificationSentence	CodeCode Available	1
Text Guide: Improving the quality of long text classification by a text selection method based on feature importance	Apr 15, 2021	ClassificationExplainable artificial intelligence	CodeCode Available	1
The Devil in Linear Transformer	Oct 19, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1
The Effect of Metadata on Scientific Literature Tagging: A Cross-Field Cross-Model Study	Feb 7, 2023	Language ModellingMulti Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
CLIBE: Detecting Dynamic Backdoors in Transformer-based NLP Models	Sep 2, 2024	Text ClassificationText Generation	CodeCode Available	1
Cold-start Active Learning through Self-supervised Language Modeling	Oct 19, 2020	Active LearningClassification	CodeCode Available	1
ContrXT: Generating Contrastive Explanations from any Text Classifier	Dec 11, 2021	Decision MakingExplainable artificial intelligence	CodeCode Available	1
T-Miner: A Generative Approach to Defend Against Trojan Attacks on DNN-based Text Classification	Mar 7, 2021	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Distinct Label Representations for Few-Shot Text Classification	Aug 1, 2021	ClassificationFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
CharBERT: Character-aware Pre-trained Language Model	Nov 3, 2020	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1
Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification	Jul 6, 2016	CPUEmotion Recognition in Conversation	CodeCode Available	1
ChatAgri: Exploring Potentials of ChatGPT on Cross-linguistic Agricultural Text Classification	May 24, 2023	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
An Embarrassingly Simple Method to Mitigate Undesirable Properties of Pretrained Language Model Tokenizers	May 1, 2022	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1
Are We Really Making Much Progress in Text Classification? A Comparative Review	Apr 8, 2022	ClassificationDecoder	CodeCode Available	1
Balancing Methods for Multi-label Text Classification with Long-Tailed Class Distribution	Sep 10, 2021	Document ClassificationMulti-Label Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
Transformer Interpretability Beyond Attention Visualization	Dec 17, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	1
TransPrompt: Towards an Automatic Transferable Prompting Framework for Few-shot Text Classification	Nov 1, 2021	Few-Shot LearningFew-Shot Text Classification	CodeCode Available	1
TreeMix: Compositional Constituency-based Data Augmentation for Natural Language Understanding	May 12, 2022	Constituency ParsingData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1
BanglaBERT: Language Model Pretraining and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Language Understanding Evaluation in Bangla	Jan 1, 2021	Document ClassificationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	1
An Empirical Study of Invariant Risk Minimization	Apr 10, 2020	text-classificationText Classification	CodeCode Available	1
ChineseBERT: Chinese Pretraining Enhanced by Glyph and Pinyin Information	Jun 30, 2021	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	1
Understanding the Failure of Batch Normalization for Transformers in NLP	Oct 11, 2022	image-classificationImage Classification	CodeCode Available	1
An Empirical Study on Large-Scale Multi-Label Text Classification Including Few and Zero-Shot Labels	Oct 4, 2020	Multi-Label ClassificationMUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION	CodeCode Available	1
Unifying Model Explainability and Robustness for Joint Text Classification and Rationale Extraction	Dec 20, 2021	Classificationtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1
Controllable Data Augmentation for Few-Shot Text Mining with Chain-of-Thought Attribute Manipulation	Jul 14, 2023	Aspect-Based Sentiment AnalysisAttribute	CodeCode Available	1
Mitigating Label Biases for In-context Learning	May 28, 2023	In-Context Learningtext-classification	CodeCode Available	1

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All datasets MTEB AG News DBpedia R8 TREC-6 20NEWS UK Key Stage Readability Ohsumed Yahoo! Answers MR Climabench NewsDiscourse

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ST5-XXL	Accuracy	73.42	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XL	Accuracy	72.84	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Accuracy	72.31	—	Unverified
4	Ada Similarity	Accuracy	70.44	—	Unverified
5	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Accuracy	70.14	—	Unverified
6	ST5-Base	Accuracy	69.81	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-msmarco	Accuracy	68.13	—	Unverified
8	MPNet-multilingual	Accuracy	67.91	—	Unverified
9	GTR-XXL	Accuracy	67.41	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Accuracy	67.32	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mistral-Small-24B + CAPO	Error	15.7	—	Unverified
2	ToWE-SG	Error	14	—	Unverified
3	Qwen2.5-32B + CAPO	Error	12.93	—	Unverified
4	Llama-3.3-70B + CAPO	Error	11.2	—	Unverified
5	Seq2CNN with GWS(50)	Error	9.64	—	Unverified
6	Char-level CNN	Error	9.51	—	Unverified
7	SVDCNN	Error	9.45	—	Unverified
8	VDCN	Error	8.67	—	Unverified
9	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	7.9	—	Unverified
10	CCCapsNet	Error	7.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Seq2CNN(50)	Error	2.77	—	Unverified
2	Char-level CNN	Error	1.55	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-concat	Error	1.43	—	Unverified
4	FastText	Error	1.4	—	Unverified
5	VDCN	Error	1.29	—	Unverified
6	CCCapsNet	Error	1.28	—	Unverified
7	Balanced+bi-leaf-RNN	Error	1.2	—	Unverified
8	BERT large UDA	Error	1.09	—	Unverified
9	M-ACNN	Error	1.07	—	Unverified
10	EXAM	Error	1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	98.45	—	Unverified
2	C-BERT (ESGNN + BERT)	Accuracy	98.28	—	Unverified
3	ESGNN	Accuracy	98.23	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	98.2	—	Unverified
5	BERT	Accuracy	98.17	—	Unverified
6	SGNN	Accuracy	98.09	—	Unverified
7	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	98.04	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	97.98	—	Unverified
9	Our Model*	Accuracy	97.8	—	Unverified
10	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	97.62	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TM-Glove	Error	9.96	—	Unverified
2	byte mLSTM7	Error	9.6	—	Unverified
3	SWEM-aver	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
4	DELTA (CNN)	Error	7.8	—	Unverified
5	Capsule-B	Error	7.2	—	Unverified
6	STM+TSED+PT+2L	Error	7.04	—	Unverified
7	GRU-RNN-GLOVE	Error	7	—	Unverified
8	MPAD-path	Error	6.2	—	Unverified
9	VLAWE	Error	5.8	—	Unverified
10	C-LSTM	Error	5.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	LinearSVM+TFIDF	Accuracy	93	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.5	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	88.6	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	88.5	—	Unverified
6	RMDL (15 RDLs)	Accuracy	87.91	—	Unverified
7	Sparse Tensor Classifier	Accuracy	87.3	—	Unverified
8	GraphStar	Accuracy	86.9	—	Unverified
9	NABoE-full	Accuracy	86.8	—	Unverified
10	Text GCN	Accuracy	86.34	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	ELECTRA + ANN	F1	99.6	—	Unverified
2	ERNIE + ANN	F1	99.4	—	Unverified
3	XLNet + ANN	F1	99.2	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa + ANN	F1	98.7	—	Unverified
5	Longformer + ANN	F1	93.9	—	Unverified
6	BERT + ANN	F1	90.5	—	Unverified
7	ALBERT + ANN	F1	79.7	—	Unverified
8	BERT	F1	75	—	Unverified
9	DistilBERT	F1	74.4	—	Unverified
10	XLNet	F1	74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Our Model*	Accuracy	69.4	—	Unverified
3	SSGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
4	SGC	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
5	SGCN	Accuracy	68.5	—	Unverified
6	Text GCN	Accuracy	68.36	—	Unverified
7	GraphStar	Accuracy	64.2	—	Unverified
8	ApproxRepSet	Accuracy	64.06	—	Unverified
9	REL-RWMD k-NN	Accuracy	58.74	—	Unverified
10	CNN+Lowercased	Accuracy	36.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-ITPT-FiT	Accuracy	77.62	—	Unverified
2	DRNN	Accuracy	76.26	—	Unverified
3	DELTA (HAN)	Accuracy	75.1	—	Unverified
4	EXAM	Accuracy	74.8	—	Unverified
5	DNC+CUW	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
6	ULMFiT (Small data)	Accuracy	74.3	—	Unverified
7	CCCapsNet	Accuracy	73.85	—	Unverified
8	SWEM-concat	Accuracy	73.53	—	Unverified
9	FastText	Accuracy	72.3	—	Unverified
10	Seq2CNN(50)	Accuracy	55.39	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	DeBERTa	Accuracy	90.21	—	Unverified
2	RoBERTaGCN	Accuracy	89.7	—	Unverified
3	ERNIE 2.0 (optimized)	Accuracy	89.53	—	Unverified
4	RoBERTa	Accuracy	89.42	—	Unverified
5	ERNIE 2.0	Accuracy	88.97	—	Unverified
6	BERT	Accuracy	86.94	—	Unverified
7	ALBERTv2	Accuracy	86.02	—	Unverified
8	DistilBERT	Accuracy	85.31	—	Unverified
9	SSGC	Accuracy	76.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CliReBERT (P0L3/clirebert_clirevocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.65	—	Unverified
2	ClimateBERT (climatebert/distilroberta-base-climate-f)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.64	—	Unverified
3	BERT (google-bert/bert-base-uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
4	CliSciBERT (P0L3/cliscibert_scivocab_uncased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.61	—	Unverified
5	SciBERT (allenai/scibert_scivocab_cased)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.59	—	Unverified
6	DistilRoBERTa (distilbert/distilroberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
7	SciClimateBERT (P0L3/sciclimatebert)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.58	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa (FacebookAI/roberta-base)	Evaluation Macro F1	0.57	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Human (Post-Rec.) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	73.69	—	Unverified
2	MT-Mac (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	63.46	—	Unverified
3	MT-Mic (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	61.89	—	Unverified
4	RL-IP/TT (Choubey et al., 2021)	macro F1	57	—	Unverified
5	Document LSTM + Document encoding (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	54.4	—	Unverified
6	CRF Fine-grained (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	52.9	—	Unverified
7	Human (Blind) (Spangher et al., 2021)	macro F1	46.18	—	Unverified
8	Feature-based (SVM) (Choubey et al., 2020)	macro F1	38.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	1-6 BertGCN	Accuracy	96.6	—	Unverified
2	GraphStar	Accuracy	95	—	Unverified
3	Our Model*	Accuracy	94.6	—	Unverified
4	SSGC	Accuracy	94.5	—	Unverified
5	SGC	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
6	SGCN	Accuracy	94	—	Unverified
7	Text GCN	Accuracy	93.56	—	Unverified
8	TM-Glove	Accuracy	89.14	—	Unverified