Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 151–175 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Bayesian Methods for Semi-supervised Text Annotation	Oct 28, 2020	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Aggression Detection in Social Media: Using Deep Neural Networks, Data Augmentation, and Pseudo Labeling	Aug 1, 2018	Data AugmentationFeature Engineering	—Unverified
Effect of Word Embedding Models on Hate and Offensive Speech Detection	Nov 23, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
On Transferability of Bias Mitigation Effects in Language Model Fine-Tuning	Oct 24, 2020	coreference-resolutionCoreference Resolution	—Unverified
Beyond Toxic: Toxicity Detection Datasets are Not Enough for Brand Safety	Mar 27, 2023	Binary ClassificationClassification	—Unverified
HateBR: A Large Expert Annotated Corpus of Brazilian Instagram Comments for Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection	Mar 27, 2021	BIG-bench Machine LearningBinary Classification	—Unverified
Emotion Based Hate Speech Detection using Multimodal Learning	Feb 13, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionMultimodal Deep Learning	—Unverified
BOISHOMMO: Holistic Approach for Bangla Hate Speech	Apr 11, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Fight Fire with Fire: Fine-tuning Hate Detectors using Large Samples of Generated Hate Speech	Sep 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Model	Nov 2, 2021	Binary ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweets	Jul 2, 2024	Data AugmentationEnsemble Learning	—Unverified
Detecting Optimism in Tweets using Knowledge Distillation and Linguistic Analysis of Optimism	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionKnowledge Distillation	—Unverified
An Interactive Exploratory Tool for the Task of Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detection	May 22, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Semantic Feature Representations to Efficiently Detect Hate Intent on Social Media	Feb 1, 2020	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Simple Debiasing Techniques in RoBERTa-based Hate Speech Detection Models	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
BanTH: A Multi-label Hate Speech Detection Dataset for Transliterated Bangla	Oct 17, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Anti-Asian Hate Speech Detection via Data Augmented Semantic Relation Inference	Apr 14, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	—Unverified
Detecting Offensive Tweets in Hindi-English Code-Switched Language	Jul 1, 2018	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Explainable and High-Performance Hate and Offensive Speech Detection	Jun 26, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionVocal Bursts Intensity Prediction	—Unverified
Exploring Stylometric and Emotion-Based Features for Multilingual Cross-Domain Hate Speech Detection	Apr 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Explaining Hate Speech Classification with Model Agnostic Methods	May 30, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploiting Explainability to Design Adversarial Attacks and Evaluate Attack Resilience in Hate-Speech Detection Models	May 29, 2023	Adversarial RobustnessDecision Making	—Unverified
Antisemitic Messages? A Guide to High-Quality Annotation and a Labeled Dataset of Tweets	Apr 28, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring the Adversarial Capabilities of Large Language Models	Feb 14, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionText Generation	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified