Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 126–150 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Bridging the gap in online hate speech detection: a comparative analysis of BERT and traditional models for homophobic content identification on X/Twitter	May 15, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
Bridging Modalities: Enhancing Cross-Modality Hate Speech Detection with Few-Shot In-Context Learning	Oct 8, 2024	Few-Shot LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
4chan & 8chan embeddings	Apr 2, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionWord Embeddings	—Unverified
Break it, Imitate it, Fix it: Robustness by Generating Human-Like Attacks	Oct 25, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs	Mar 30, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Semantic Feature Representations to Efficiently Detect Hate Intent on Social Media	Feb 1, 2020	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Simple Debiasing Techniques in RoBERTa-based Hate Speech Detection Models	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Explaining Hate Speech Classification with Model Agnostic Methods	May 30, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring Large Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Rioplatense Spanish	Oct 16, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
BOISHOMMO: Holistic Approach for Bangla Hate Speech	Apr 11, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Beyond Toxic: Toxicity Detection Datasets are Not Enough for Brand Safety	Mar 27, 2023	Binary ClassificationClassification	—Unverified
HateBR: A Large Expert Annotated Corpus of Brazilian Instagram Comments for Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection	Mar 27, 2021	BIG-bench Machine LearningBinary Classification	—Unverified
Beyond Explanation: A Case for Exploratory Text Visualizations of Non-Aggregated, Annotated Datasets	Jun 1, 2022	Bias DetectionHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
BERT or FastText? A Comparative Analysis of Contextual as well as Non-Contextual Embeddings	Nov 26, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionNews Classification	—Unverified
AnnoBERT: Effectively Representing Multiple Annotators' Label Choices to Improve Hate Speech Detection	Dec 20, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Graph-Based Context-Aware Model to Understand Online Conversations	Nov 16, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionMisinformation	—Unverified
BERT-based Ensemble Approaches for Hate Speech Detection	Sep 14, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionMulti-Label Classification	—Unverified
Domain Classification-based Source-specific Term Penalization for Domain Adaptation in Hate-speech Detection	Sep 18, 2022	Domain Adaptationdomain classification	—Unverified
Do Characters Abuse More Than Words?	Sep 1, 2016	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Identification	—Unverified
An Investigation of Large Language Models for Real-World Hate Speech Detection	Jan 7, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
An Investigation Into Explainable Audio Hate Speech Detection	Aug 12, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Digital Guardians: Can GPT-4, Perspective API, and Moderation API reliably detect hate speech in reader comments of German online newspapers?	Jan 2, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
DetoxBench: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Multitask Fraud & Abuse Detection	Sep 9, 2024	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	—Unverified
Dominant Set-based Active Learning for Text Classification and its Application to Online Social Media	Jan 28, 2022	Active LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Determining Code Words in Euphemistic Hate Speech Using Word Embedding Networks	Oct 1, 2018	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified