Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 101–125 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Comparison Between Traditional Machine Learning Models And Neural Network Models For Vietnamese Hate Speech Detection	Jan 31, 2020	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Jun 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengali	Oct 7, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum	Sep 12, 2018	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Borrowing Human Senses: Comment-Aware Self-Training for Social Media Multimodal Classification	Mar 27, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? The Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter	Feb 27, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
A study of text representations in Hate Speech Detection	Feb 8, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Text using the Bidirectional-LSTM Model	Nov 9, 2019	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in English Hate Speech Annotations: From Dataset Construction to Analysis	Aug 31, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection	May 26, 2025	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detection	Apr 21, 2023	Common Sense ReasoningEthics	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection with HateXplain and BERT	Aug 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-4V(ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine	Nov 13, 2023	HallucinationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hope Speech Detection on Social Media Platforms	Nov 14, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionHope Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Cross-Modal Transfer from Memes to Videos: Addressing Data Scarcity in Hateful Video Detection	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Sensitivity, Performance, Robustness: Deconstructing the Effect of Sociodemographic Prompting	Sep 13, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionSensitivity	CodeCode Available	5
Human-in-the-Loop Synthetic Text Data Inspection with Provenance Tracking	Apr 29, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection	Apr 13, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Empirical Study of Text Augmentation on Social Media Text in Vietnamese	Sep 25, 2020	Data AugmentationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Improving Adversarial Data Collection by Supporting Annotators: Lessons from GAHD, a German Hate Speech Dataset	Mar 28, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Attentive Fusion: A Transformer-based Approach to Multimodal Hate Speech Detection	Jan 19, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages	Oct 20, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
BERT or FastText? A Comparative Analysis of Contextual as well as Non-Contextual Embeddings	Nov 26, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionNews Classification	CodeCode Available	5
DeepHateExplainer: Explainable Hate Speech Detection in Under-resourced Bengali Language	Dec 28, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionWord Embeddings	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Natural Language Inference for Hate Speech Detection in Languages with Limited Labeled Data	Jun 6, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified