Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 101–125 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Bridging the gap in online hate speech detection: a comparative analysis of BERT and traditional models for homophobic content identification on X/Twitter	May 15, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
Contextual Hate Speech Detection in Code Mixed Text using Transformer Based Approaches	Oct 18, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Contextualizing Internet Memes Across Social Media Platforms	Nov 18, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Contextual-Lexicon Approach for Abusive Language Detection	Apr 25, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cordyceps@LT-EDI: Patching Language-Specific Homophobia/Transphobia Classifiers with a Multilingual Understanding	Sep 24, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Counterfactually Augmented Data and Unintended Bias: The Case of Sexism and Hate Speech Detection	May 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
CRAB: Class Representation Attentive BERT for Hate Speech Identification in Social Media	Oct 25, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	—Unverified
Cracking the Code: Enhancing Implicit Hate Speech Detection through Coding Classification	Jun 5, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Study on Bias Detection and Classification in Natural Language Processing	Aug 14, 2024	Bias DetectionHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual Capsule Network for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media	Aug 6, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Bridging Modalities: Enhancing Cross-Modality Hate Speech Detection with Few-Shot In-Context Learning	Oct 8, 2024	Few-Shot LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
4chan & 8chan embeddings	Apr 2, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionWord Embeddings	—Unverified
Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning for Hate Speech Detection	Apr 1, 2021	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual Zero- and Few-shot Hate Speech Detection Utilising Frozen Transformer Language Models and AXEL	Apr 13, 2020	Few-Shot LearningGeneral Classification	—Unverified
A Systematic Analysis on the Temporal Generalization of Language Models in Social Media	May 15, 2024	Hate Speech Detectionnamed-entity-recognition	—Unverified
Cross-Platform Hate Speech Detection with Weakly Supervised Causal Disentanglement	Apr 17, 2024	DisentanglementHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Crowd-Calibrator: Can Annotator Disagreement Inform Calibration in Subjective Tasks?	Aug 26, 2024	Decision MakingHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processing	May 22, 2021	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Break it, Imitate it, Fix it: Robustness by Generating Human-Like Attacks	Oct 25, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Darkness can not drive out darkness: Investigating Bias in Hate SpeechDetection Models	May 1, 2022	Abuse DetectionHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Data-Efficient Hate Speech Detection via Cross-Lingual Nearest Neighbor Retrieval with Limited Labeled Data	May 20, 2025	Cross-Lingual TransferData Augmentation	—Unverified
A Target-Aware Analysis of Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection	Oct 10, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Comprehensive Study on NLP Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection: Legacy Methods, BERT, and LLMs	Mar 30, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
AtteSTNet -- An attention and subword tokenization based approach for code-switched text hate speech detection	Dec 10, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Detecting Anti-Semitic Hate Speech using Transformer-based Large Language Models	May 6, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified