Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 151–200 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Dynamically Refined Regularization for Improving Cross-corpora Hate Speech Detection	Mar 23, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Easy Adaptation to Mitigate Gender Bias in Multilingual Text Classification	Apr 12, 2022	Domain AdaptationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Highly Generalizable Models for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection	Jan 27, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hope Speech Detection on Social Media Platforms	Nov 14, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionHope Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
EkoHate: Abusive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Code-switched Political Discussions on Nigerian Twitter	Apr 28, 2024	Abusive LanguageCross-Lingual Transfer	CodeCode Available	5
Emoji-Based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Tasks	Feb 12, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
HSD Shared Task in VLSP Campaign 2019:Hate Speech Detection for Social Good	Jul 13, 2020	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Empirical Study of Text Augmentation on Social Media Text in Vietnamese	Sep 25, 2020	Data AugmentationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Improved Sentiment Detection via Label Transfer from Monolingual to Synthetic Code-Switched Text	Jun 13, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hateminers : Detecting Hate speech against Women	Dec 17, 2018	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Battling Hateful Content in Indic Languages HASOC '21	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Models	Oct 20, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detection	Jun 17, 2021	Active LearningExplanation Generation	CodeCode Available	5
An Online Multilingual Hate speech Recognition System	Nov 23, 2020	Hate Speech Detectionspeech-recognition	CodeCode Available	5
HATE-ITA: New Baselines for Hate Speech Detection in Italian	Jul 1, 2022	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
ImpScore: A Learnable Metric For Quantifying The Implicitness Level of Language	Nov 7, 2024	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengali	Oct 7, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluation of Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models and Geographical Contextualization	Feb 26, 2025	Adversarial RobustnessBinary Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Textual Normalization for Hate Speech Detection	Nov 12, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionLexical Normalization	CodeCode Available	5
Examining a hate speech corpus for hate speech detection and popularity prediction	May 12, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
HateCheckHIn: Evaluating Hindi Hate Speech Detection Models	Apr 30, 2022	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Jun 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Causality Guided Disentanglement for Cross-Platform Hate Speech Detection	Aug 3, 2023	DisentanglementHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts	Apr 30, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum	Sep 12, 2018	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Detection of Sexist Statements Commonly Used at the Workplace	Jul 8, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
HASOCOne@FIRE-HASOC2020: Using BERT and Multilingual BERT models for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 22, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection with HateXplain and BERT	Aug 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection	Nov 11, 2021	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 8, 2021	feature selectionGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Checking HateCheck: a cross-functional analysis of behaviour-aware learning for hate speech detection	Apr 8, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
mahaNLP: A Marathi Natural Language Processing Library	Nov 5, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNER	CodeCode Available	5
Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language	Mar 11, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
DeL-haTE: A Deep Learning Tunable Ensemble for Hate Speech Detection	Nov 3, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
MM-Soc: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Media Platforms	Feb 21, 2024	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-HateCheck: Can LLMs Write Better Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection?	Feb 23, 2024	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
DefVerify: Do Hate Speech Models Reflect Their Dataset's Definition?	Oct 21, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab	Jan 27, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Tweets	Jun 1, 2017	16kDeep Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Features or Spurious Artifacts? Data-centric Baselines for Fair and Robust Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	FairnessHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Gender Bias Mitigation for Bangla Classification Tasks	Nov 16, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-4V(ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine	Nov 13, 2023	HallucinationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English	Oct 23, 2020	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
My Boli: Code-mixed Marathi-English Corpora, Pretrained Language Models and Evaluation Benchmarks	Jun 24, 2023	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
LLMsAgainstHate @ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari Languages via Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs	Dec 22, 2024	Hate Speech Detectionparameter-efficient fine-tuning	CodeCode Available	5
Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helps	Apr 2, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionMisinformation	CodeCode Available	5
Focal Inferential Infusion Coupled with Tractable Density Discrimination for Implicit Hate Detection	Sep 21, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Comparative Evaluation of Label-Agnostic Selection Bias in Multilingual Hate Speech Datasets	Nov 1, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSelection bias	CodeCode Available	5
Improving Adversarial Data Collection by Supporting Annotators: Lessons from GAHD, a German Hate Speech Dataset	Mar 28, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified