Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 76–100 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Code-Mixed Telugu-English Hate Speech Detection	Feb 15, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionMultilingual NLP	—Unverified
ARC-NLP at Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2023: Multimodal Methods Boosted by Ensemble Learning, Syntactical and Entity Features	Jul 25, 2023	ARCDeep Learning	—Unverified
All You Need is "Love": Evading Hate-speech Detection	Aug 28, 2018	AllHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Data Expansion using Back Translation and Paraphrasing for Hate Speech Detection	May 25, 2021	Data AugmentationDecoder	—Unverified
Demoting Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection	May 25, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Ara-Women-Hate: An Annotated Corpus Dedicated to Hate Speech Detection against Women in the Arabic Community	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
CIC at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Simple Yet Very Efficient Approach to Hate Speech Detection, Aggressive Behavior Detection, and Target Classification in Twitter	Jun 1, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Dataset of Hindi-English Code-Mixed Social Media Text for Hate Speech Detection	Jun 1, 2018	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual Zero- and Few-shot Hate Speech Detection Utilising Frozen Transformer Language Models and AXEL	Apr 13, 2020	Few-Shot LearningGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Chain-of-Translation Prompting (CoTR): A Novel Prompting Technique for Low Resource Languages	Sep 6, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
Ceasing hate withMoH: Hate Speech Detection in Hindi-English Code-Switched Language	Oct 18, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Identification	—Unverified
Cross-Platform Hate Speech Detection with Weakly Supervised Causal Disentanglement	Apr 17, 2024	DisentanglementHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Crowd-Calibrator: Can Annotator Disagreement Inform Calibration in Subjective Tasks?	Aug 26, 2024	Decision MakingHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Arabic Offensive Language Detection with Attention-based Deep Neural Networks	May 1, 2020	Abusive LanguageBIG-bench Machine Learning	—Unverified
A Legal Approach to Hate Speech – Operationalizing the EU’s Legal Framework against the Expression of Hatred as an NLP Task	May 16, 2021	Decision MakingHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Antisemitic Messages? A Guide to High-Quality Annotation and a Labeled Dataset of Tweets	Apr 28, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Class-based Prediction Errors to Detect Hate Speech with Out-of-vocabulary Words	Aug 1, 2017	Adversarial AttackHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Can Prompting LLMs Unlock Hate Speech Detection across Languages? A Zero-shot and Few-shot Study	May 9, 2025	DiversityHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual hate speech detection based on multilingual domain-specific word embeddings	Apr 30, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	—Unverified
Anti-Asian Hate Speech Detection via Data Augmented Semantic Relation Inference	Apr 14, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	—Unverified
Code-switching patterns can be an effective route to improve performance of downstream NLP applications: A case study of humour, sarcasm and hate speech detection	May 5, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Combating high variance in Data-Scarce Implicit Hate Speech Classification	Aug 29, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionVocal Bursts Intensity Prediction	—Unverified
Common Ground, Diverse Roots: The Difficulty of Classifying Common Examples in Spanish Varieties	Dec 16, 2024	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
ALT Submission for OSACT Shared Task on Offensive Language Detection	May 1, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual Hate Speech Detection using Transformer Models	Nov 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified