Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 101–150 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Comparison Between Traditional Machine Learning Models And Neural Network Models For Vietnamese Hate Speech Detection	Jan 31, 2020	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Human-in-the-Loop Synthetic Text Data Inspection with Provenance Tracking	Apr 29, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
LLMsAgainstHate @ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari Languages via Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs	Dec 22, 2024	Hate Speech Detectionparameter-efficient fine-tuning	CodeCode Available	5
Hateminers : Detecting Hate speech against Women	Dec 17, 2018	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
A Study of Nationality Bias in Names and Perplexity using Off-the-Shelf Affect-related Tweet Classifiers	Jul 1, 2024	Bias Detectioncounterfactual	CodeCode Available	5
Improving Hate Speech Detection with Deep Learning Ensembles	May 1, 2018	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
An Online Multilingual Hate speech Recognition System	Nov 23, 2020	Hate Speech Detectionspeech-recognition	CodeCode Available	5
InterroLang: Exploring NLP Models and Datasets through Dialogue-based Explanations	Oct 9, 2023	Dialogue Act ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in English Hate Speech Annotations: From Dataset Construction to Analysis	Aug 31, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection	May 26, 2025	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Annotating Online Misogyny	Aug 1, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
L3Cube-MahaNLP: Marathi Natural Language Processing Datasets, Models, and Library	May 29, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Borrowing Human Senses: Comment-Aware Self-Training for Social Media Multimodal Classification	Mar 27, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detection	Apr 21, 2023	Common Sense ReasoningEthics	CodeCode Available	5
Cross-Modal Transfer from Memes to Videos: Addressing Data Scarcity in Hateful Video Detection	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Leveraging Multi-domain, Heterogeneous Data using Deep Multitask Learning for Hate Speech Detection	Mar 23, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionMulti-Task Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Lexical Squad@Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2023: Multimodal Hate Speech Detection using Fused Ensemble Approach	Sep 23, 2023	Ensemble LearningEvent Detection	CodeCode Available	5
CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection	Apr 13, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengali	Oct 7, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? The Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter	Feb 27, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English	Oct 23, 2020	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages	Oct 20, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
BERT or FastText? A Comparative Analysis of Contextual as well as Non-Contextual Embeddings	Nov 26, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionNews Classification	CodeCode Available	5
HASOCOne@FIRE-HASOC2020: Using BERT and Multilingual BERT models for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 22, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis	Aug 29, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
HateCheckHIn: Evaluating Hindi Hate Speech Detection Models	Apr 30, 2022	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab	Jan 27, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	5
Gender Bias Mitigation for Bangla Classification Tasks	Nov 16, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-4V(ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine	Nov 13, 2023	HallucinationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers	Aug 2, 2022	BenchmarkingExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)	CodeCode Available	5
Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
GPT-HateCheck: Can LLMs Write Better Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection?	Feb 23, 2024	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Jun 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection with HateXplain and BERT	Aug 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Detecting Online Hate Speech Using Context Aware Models	Oct 20, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
An Information Retrieval Approach to Building Datasets for Hate Speech Detection	Jun 17, 2021	Active LearningExplanation Generation	CodeCode Available	5
ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts	Apr 30, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationales	Apr 3, 2024	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Textual Normalization for Hate Speech Detection	Nov 12, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionLexical Normalization	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Natural Language Inference for Hate Speech Detection in Languages with Limited Labeled Data	Jun 6, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	5
Battling Hateful Content in Indic Languages HASOC '21	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection in Multimodal Publications	Oct 9, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluation of Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models and Geographical Contextualization	Feb 26, 2025	Adversarial RobustnessBinary Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Features or Spurious Artifacts? Data-centric Baselines for Fair and Robust Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	FairnessHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Examining a hate speech corpus for hate speech detection and popularity prediction	May 12, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring Tokenization Strategies and Vocabulary Sizes for Enhanced Arabic Language Models	Mar 17, 2024	Computational EfficiencyHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Benchmarking Post-Hoc Interpretability Approaches for Transformer-based Misogyny Detection	May 1, 2022	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Focal Inferential Infusion Coupled with Tractable Density Discrimination for Implicit Hate Detection	Sep 21, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Automatic Detection of Sexist Statements Commonly Used at the Workplace	Jul 8, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	5
Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language	Mar 11, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified