Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 51–75 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
Enhancing social network hate detection using back translation and GPT-3 augmentations during training and test-time	Jun 17, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	1	5
ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers	Aug 2, 2022	BenchmarkingExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)	CodeCode Available	0	5
Attentive Fusion: A Transformer-based Approach to Multimodal Hate Speech Detection	Jan 19, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Tokenization Strategies and Vocabulary Sizes for Enhanced Arabic Language Models	Mar 17, 2024	Computational EfficiencyHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection in Multimodal Publications	Oct 9, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts	Apr 30, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection with HateXplain and BERT	Aug 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Evaluation of Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models and Geographical Contextualization	Feb 26, 2025	Adversarial RobustnessBinary Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
AAA: Fair Evaluation for Abuse Detection Systems Wanted	Jun 21, 2021	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	CodeCode Available	0	5
Examining a hate speech corpus for hate speech detection and popularity prediction	May 12, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationales	Apr 3, 2024	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Features or Spurious Artifacts? Data-centric Baselines for Fair and Robust Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	FairnessHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	0	5
AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection	May 26, 2025	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A study of text representations in Hate Speech Detection	Feb 8, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Study of Nationality Bias in Names and Perplexity using Off-the-Shelf Affect-related Tweet Classifiers	Jul 1, 2024	Bias Detectioncounterfactual	CodeCode Available	0	5
EkoHate: Abusive Language and Hate Speech Detection for Code-switched Political Discussions on Nigerian Twitter	Apr 28, 2024	Abusive LanguageCross-Lingual Transfer	CodeCode Available	0	5
Are You a Racist or Am I Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Nov 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Emoji-Based Transfer Learning for Sentiment Tasks	Feb 12, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available	0	5
Dynamically Refined Regularization for Improving Cross-corpora Hate Speech Detection	Mar 23, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media	Oct 28, 2019	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Easy Adaptation to Mitigate Gender Bias in Multilingual Text Classification	Apr 12, 2022	Domain AdaptationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Empirical Study of Text Augmentation on Social Media Text in Vietnamese	Sep 25, 2020	Data AugmentationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Natural Language Inference for Hate Speech Detection in Languages with Limited Labeled Data	Jun 6, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	0	5
Focal Inferential Infusion Coupled with Tractable Density Discrimination for Implicit Hate Detection	Sep 21, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified