Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 476–500 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Hypothesis Engineering for Zero-Shot Hate Speech Detection	Oct 3, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available
Semi-supervised Stance Detection of Tweets Via Distant Network Supervision	Jan 3, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionPropaganda detection	CodeCode Available
NaijaHate: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Data	Mar 28, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Towards Legally Enforceable Hate Speech Detection for Public Forums	May 23, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Necessity and Sufficiency for Explaining Text Classifiers: A Case Study in Hate Speech Detection	May 6, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
NLPineers@ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection using Ensembling of BERT-based models	Dec 11, 2024	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
A Study of Nationality Bias in Names and Perplexity using Off-the-Shelf Affect-related Tweet Classifiers	Jul 1, 2024	Bias Detectioncounterfactual	CodeCode Available
Impact of Politically Biased Data on Hate Speech Classification	Nov 1, 2020	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Improved Sentiment Detection via Label Transfer from Monolingual to Synthetic Code-Switched Text	Jun 13, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helps	Apr 2, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionMisinformation	CodeCode Available
Improving Adversarial Data Collection by Supporting Annotators: Lessons from GAHD, a German Hate Speech Dataset	Mar 28, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection	May 26, 2025	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Noisy Self-Training with Data Augmentations for Offensive and Hate Speech Detection Tasks	Jul 31, 2023	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Offence in Dialogues: A Corpus-Based Study	Sep 1, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Improving Cross-Domain Hate Speech Generalizability with Emotion Knowledge	Nov 24, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
All You Need is "Leet": Evading Hate-speech Detection AI	May 22, 2025	AllHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
The Other Side of Compression: Measuring Bias in Pruned Transformers	Apr 1, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNetwork Pruning	CodeCode Available
Improving Hate Speech Classification with Cross-Taxonomy Dataset Integration	Mar 7, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Improving Hate Speech Detection with Deep Learning Ensembles	May 1, 2018	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
ImpScore: A Learnable Metric For Quantifying The Implicitness Level of Language	Nov 7, 2024	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
The Promises and Pitfalls of LLM Annotations in Dataset Labeling: a Case Study on Media Bias Detection	Nov 17, 2024	Bias DetectionHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
What If Ground Truth Is Subjective? Personalized Deep Neural Hate Speech Detection	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media	Oct 28, 2019	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available
Transformers and Ensemble methods: A solution for Hate Speech Detection in Arabic languages	Mar 17, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
ThreatGram 101 - Extreme Telegram Replies Data with Threat Levels	Sep 30, 2024	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified