Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 51–100 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype	Score
HateBench: Benchmarking Hate Speech Detectors on LLM-Generated Content and Hate Campaigns	Jan 28, 2025	Adversarial AttackBenchmarking	CodeCode Available	1	5
Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Text using the Bidirectional-LSTM Model	Nov 9, 2019	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? The Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter	Feb 27, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Text using the Bi-GRU-LSTM-CNN Model	Nov 9, 2019	Hate Speech DetectionVietnamese Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengali	Oct 7, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum	Sep 12, 2018	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	0	5
HATE-ITA: New Baselines for Hate Speech Detection in Italian	Jul 1, 2022	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
AAA: Fair Evaluation for Abuse Detection Systems Wanted	Jun 21, 2021	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hateminers : Detecting Hate speech against Women	Dec 17, 2018	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Attentive Fusion: A Transformer-based Approach to Multimodal Hate Speech Detection	Jan 19, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
LLMsAgainstHate @ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari Languages via Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs	Dec 22, 2024	Hate Speech Detectionparameter-efficient fine-tuning	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Detection from Code-mixed Hindi-English Tweets Using Deep Learning Models	Nov 13, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Detection Using Cross-Platform Social Media Data In English and German Language	Oct 2, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
AmpleHate: Amplifying the Attention for Versatile Implicit Hate Detection	May 26, 2025	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A study of text representations in Hate Speech Detection	Feb 8, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Study of Nationality Bias in Names and Perplexity using Off-the-Shelf Affect-related Tweet Classifiers	Jul 1, 2024	Bias Detectioncounterfactual	CodeCode Available	0	5
HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English	Oct 23, 2020	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
HateCheckHIn: Evaluating Hindi Hate Speech Detection Models	Apr 30, 2022	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
GPT-HateCheck: Can LLMs Write Better Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection?	Feb 23, 2024	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Comparative Evaluation of Label-Agnostic Selection Bias in Multilingual Hate Speech Datasets	Nov 1, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSelection bias	CodeCode Available	0	5
Are You a Racist or Am I Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Nov 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab	Jan 27, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
Focal Inferential Infusion Coupled with Tractable Density Discrimination for Implicit Hate Detection	Sep 21, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
GPT-4V(ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine	Nov 13, 2023	HallucinationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
HASOCOne@FIRE-HASOC2020: Using BERT and Multilingual BERT models for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 22, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Jun 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Hate Speech Detection with Generalizable Target-aware Fairness	May 28, 2024	FairnessHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
All You Need is "Leet": Evading Hate-speech Detection AI	May 22, 2025	AllHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring the Trade-off Between Model Performance and Explanation Plausibility of Text Classifiers Using Human Rationales	Apr 3, 2024	Contrastive LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Tokenization Strategies and Vocabulary Sizes for Enhanced Arabic Language Models	Mar 17, 2024	Computational EfficiencyHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection in Multimodal Publications	Oct 9, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
ViTHSD: Exploiting Hatred by Targets for Hate Speech Detection on Vietnamese Social Media Texts	Apr 30, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Exploring Hate Speech Detection with HateXplain and BERT	Aug 9, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Features or Spurious Artifacts? Data-centric Baselines for Fair and Robust Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	FairnessHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Causality Guided Disentanglement for Cross-Platform Hate Speech Detection	Aug 3, 2023	DisentanglementHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Benchmark Study of Contrastive Learning for Arabic Social Meaning	Oct 22, 2022	Contrastive LearningDialect Identification	CodeCode Available	0	5
Calibrated Learning to Defer with One-vs-All Classifiers	Feb 8, 2022	AllHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Examining a hate speech corpus for hate speech detection and popularity prediction	May 12, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection	Nov 11, 2021	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Checking HateCheck: a cross-functional analysis of behaviour-aware learning for hate speech detection	Apr 8, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Natural Language Inference for Hate Speech Detection in Languages with Limited Labeled Data	Jun 6, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	0	5
An Online Multilingual Hate speech Recognition System	Nov 23, 2020	Hate Speech Detectionspeech-recognition	CodeCode Available	0	5
Annotating Online Misogyny	Aug 1, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
Borrowing Human Senses: Comment-Aware Self-Training for Social Media Multimodal Classification	Mar 27, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A BERT-Based Transfer Learning Approach for Hate Speech Detection in Online Social Media	Oct 28, 2019	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	0	5
Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available	0	5
Gender Bias Mitigation for Bangla Classification Tasks	Nov 16, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available	0	5
A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detection	Apr 21, 2023	Common Sense ReasoningEthics	CodeCode Available	0	5
Evaluation of Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models and Geographical Contextualization	Feb 26, 2025	Adversarial RobustnessBinary Classification	CodeCode Available	0	5
ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers	Aug 2, 2022	BenchmarkingExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)	CodeCode Available	0	5

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified