Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 426–450 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
HASOCOne@FIRE-HASOC2020: Using BERT and Multilingual BERT models for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 22, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available
Cross-Modal Transfer from Memes to Videos: Addressing Data Scarcity in Hateful Video Detection	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available
HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English	Oct 23, 2020	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Exploring Cross-Cultural Differences in English Hate Speech Annotations: From Dataset Construction to Analysis	Aug 31, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available
HateCheckHIn: Evaluating Hindi Hate Speech Detection Models	Apr 30, 2022	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
MM-Soc: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models in Social Media Platforms	Feb 21, 2024	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Targeted Identity Group Prediction in Hate Speech Corpora	Jul 1, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionPrediction	CodeCode Available
Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter	Jun 1, 2016	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Rule By Example: Harnessing Logical Rules for Explainable Hate Speech Detection	Jul 24, 2023	Contrastive LearningDeep Learning	CodeCode Available
HATE-ITA: New Baselines for Hate Speech Detection in Italian	Jul 1, 2022	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
HateModerate: Testing Hate Speech Detectors against Content Moderation Policies	Jul 23, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Hateminers : Detecting Hate speech against Women	Dec 17, 2018	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Comparison Between Traditional Machine Learning Models And Neural Network Models For Vietnamese Hate Speech Detection	Jan 31, 2020	BIG-bench Machine LearningHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Automatic Detection of Sexist Statements Commonly Used at the Workplace	Jul 8, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengali	Oct 7, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Multi-Granularity Tibetan Textual Adversarial Attack Method Based on Masked Language Model	Dec 3, 2024	Adversarial AttackHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forum	Sep 12, 2018	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available
Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language	Mar 11, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Multi-label Hate Speech and Abusive Language Detection in Indonesian Twitter	Aug 1, 2019	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	CodeCode Available
LLMsAgainstHate @ NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari Languages via Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs	Dec 22, 2024	Hate Speech Detectionparameter-efficient fine-tuning	CodeCode Available
Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? The Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter	Feb 27, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Comparative Evaluation of Label-Agnostic Selection Bias in Multilingual Hate Speech Datasets	Nov 1, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionSelection bias	CodeCode Available
Hate Speech Detection from Code-mixed Hindi-English Tweets Using Deep Learning Models	Nov 13, 2018	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memes	Dec 29, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis	Aug 29, 2019	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified