Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 401–425 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
ferret: a Framework for Benchmarking Explainers on Transformers	Aug 2, 2022	BenchmarkingExplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)	CodeCode Available
Leveraging Multi-domain, Heterogeneous Data using Deep Multitask Learning for Hate Speech Detection	Mar 23, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionMulti-Task Learning	CodeCode Available
DeepHateExplainer: Explainable Hate Speech Detection in Under-resourced Bengali Language	Dec 28, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionWord Embeddings	CodeCode Available
Leveraging Multilingual Transformers for Hate Speech Detection	Jan 8, 2021	feature selectionGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
Subjective Logic Encodings	Feb 17, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available
Fine-tuning of Pre-trained Transformers for Hate, Offensive, and Profane Content Detection in English and Marathi	Oct 25, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	CodeCode Available
Annotating Online Misogyny	Aug 1, 2021	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Focal Inferential Infusion Coupled with Tractable Density Discrimination for Implicit Hate Detection	Sep 21, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
AAA: Fair Evaluation for Abuse Detection Systems Wanted	Jun 21, 2021	Abuse DetectionAbusive Language	CodeCode Available
Lexical Squad@Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2023: Multimodal Hate Speech Detection using Fused Ensemble Approach	Sep 23, 2023	Ensemble LearningEvent Detection	CodeCode Available
Surfacing contextual hate speech words within social media	Nov 28, 2017	Community DetectionGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available
UPB at SemEval-2022 Task 5: Enhancing UNITER with Image Sentiment and Graph Convolutional Networks for Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification	May 29, 2022	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Reinforcement Guided Multi-Task Learning Framework for Low-Resource Stereotype Detection	Mar 27, 2022	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Gender Bias Mitigation for Bangla Classification Tasks	Nov 16, 2024	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages	Oct 20, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Measuring the Reliability of Hate Speech Annotations: The Case of the European Refugee Crisis	Jan 27, 2017	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Towards Hate Speech Detection at Large via Deep Generative Modeling	May 13, 2020	DiversityHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab	Jan 27, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionTransfer Learning	CodeCode Available
MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detection	Jan 12, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
GPT-HateCheck: Can LLMs Write Better Functional Tests for Hate Speech Detection?	Feb 23, 2024	DiagnosticHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
T5 for Hate Speech, Augmented Data and Ensemble	Oct 11, 2022	Data AugmentationExplainable artificial intelligence	CodeCode Available
CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection	Apr 13, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
MigrationsKB: A Knowledge Base of Public Attitudes towards Migrations and their Driving Factors	Aug 17, 2021	Entity LinkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
Revisiting Hate Speech Benchmarks: From Data Curation to System Deployment	Jun 1, 2023	BenchmarkingHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available
UPV at the Arabic Hate Speech 2022 Shared Task: Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection using Transformers and Ensemble Models	Jun 1, 2022	DecoderHate Speech Detection	CodeCode Available

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified