Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 326–350 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
L-HSAB: A Levantine Twitter Dataset for Hate Speech and Abusive Language	Aug 1, 2019	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
LLMs and Finetuning: Benchmarking cross-domain performance for hate speech detection	Oct 29, 2023	BenchmarkingDiversity	—Unverified
mahaNLP: A Marathi Natural Language Processing Library	Nov 5, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionNER	—Unverified
Towards countering hate speech against journalists on social media	Dec 5, 2019	Active LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Meta AI at Arabic Hate Speech 2022: MultiTask Learning with Self-Correction for Hate Speech Classification	May 16, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Zero-shot Cross-lingual Content Filtering: Offensive Language and Hate Speech Detection	Apr 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
MHS-STMA: Multimodal Hate Speech Detection via Scalable Transformer-Based Multilevel Attention Framework	Sep 8, 2024	ArticlesHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards Fairness Assessment of Dutch Hate Speech Detection	Jun 14, 2025	counterfactualFairness	—Unverified
Mitigating Label Bias via Decoupled Confident Learning	Jul 18, 2023	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
MITRE at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Transfer Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection	Jun 1, 2019	AllHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutions	Feb 17, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection	Mar 4, 2023	Cross-Lingual TransferDomain Generalization	—Unverified
Mono vs Multilingual BERT for Hate Speech Detection and Text Classification: A Case Study in Marathi	Apr 19, 2022	ArticlesClassification	—Unverified
Mpox Narrative on Instagram: A Labeled Multilingual Dataset of Instagram Posts on Mpox for Sentiment, Hate Speech, and Anxiety Analysis	Sep 9, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
ALT Submission for OSACT Shared Task on Offensive Language Detection	May 1, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Review	Sep 26, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionPosition	—Unverified
All You Need is "Love": Evading Hate-speech Detection	Aug 28, 2018	AllHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards hate speech detection in low-resource languages: Comparing ASR to acoustic word embeddings on Wolof and Swahili	Jun 1, 2023	Automatic Speech RecognitionAutomatic Speech Recognition (ASR)	—Unverified
Multilingual acoustic word embeddings for zero-resource languages	Jan 19, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionKeyword Spotting	—Unverified
Towards High-Fidelity Synthetic Multi-platform Social Media Datasets via Large Language Models	May 2, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionMarketing	—Unverified
Multilingual and Multitarget Hate Speech Detection in Tweets	Jul 1, 2019	Feature EngineeringHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
When More is not Necessary Better: Multilingual Auxiliary Tasks for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Hate Speech Detection Models	Jan 16, 2022	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Legal Approach to Hate Speech – Operationalizing the EU’s Legal Framework against the Expression of Hatred as an NLP Task	May 16, 2021	Decision MakingHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Multilingual Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Using Translation-Based Approaches with Large Language Models	Jun 9, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
A Graph-Based Context-Aware Model to Understand Online Conversations	Nov 16, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionMisinformation	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified