Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 326–350 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Fully Connected Neural Network with Advance Preprocessor to Identify Aggression over Facebook and Twitter	Aug 1, 2018	Aggression IdentificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
GASCOM: Graph-based Attentive Semantic Context Modeling for Online Conversation Understanding	Oct 21, 2023	Graph AttentionHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Gauravarora@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Pre-training ULMFiT on Synthetically Generated Code-Mixed Data for Hate Speech Detection	Oct 5, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Generative AI for Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation and Findings	Nov 16, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionText Generation	—Unverified
GOF at Arabic Hate Speech 2022: Breaking The Loss Function Convention For Data-Imbalanced Arabic Offensive Text Detection	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionText Detection	—Unverified
GPT-4V(ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine	Nov 13, 2023	HallucinationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
GUCT at Arabic Hate Speech 2022: Towards a Better Isotropy for Hatespeech Detection	Jun 1, 2022	ArticlesHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Combat Online Hate: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Large Language Models in Hate Speech Detection	Mar 12, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
Harnessing Pre-Trained Sentence Transformers for Offensive Language Detection in Indian Languages	Oct 3, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionSentence	—Unverified
HashCount at SemEval-2018 Task 3: Concatenative Featurization of Tweet and Hashtags for Irony Detection	Jun 1, 2018	Feature EngineeringHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
HateDebias: On the Diversity and Variability of Hate Speech Debiasing	Jun 7, 2024	DiversityHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hateful Person or Hateful Model? Investigating the Role of Personas in Hate Speech Detection by Large Language Models	Jun 10, 2025	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
HateGAN: Adversarial Generative-Based Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection	Dec 1, 2020	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
HATEMINER at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Hate speech detection against Immigrants and Women in Twitter using a Multinomial Naive Bayes Classifier	Jun 1, 2019	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection in Indo-Aryan Languages: A Battle of LSTM and Transformers	Dec 9, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionModel Selection	—Unverified
Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection using an Emotion-aware Shared Encoder	Feb 17, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection and Classification in Amharic Text with Deep Learning	Aug 7, 2024	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection and Racial Bias Mitigation in Social Media based on BERT model	Aug 14, 2020	Abusive LanguageHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate speech detection in algerian dialect using deep learning	Sep 20, 2023	Abusive LanguageDeep Learning	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection in Clubhouse	Jun 24, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection in Limited Data Contexts using Synthetic Data Generation	Oct 4, 2023	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urdu	Aug 5, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech Detection in Saudi Twittersphere: A Deep Learning Approach	Dec 1, 2020	Deep LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate Speech detection in the Bengali language: A dataset and its baseline evaluation	Dec 17, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Hate speech detection using static BERT embeddings	Jun 29, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSpecificity	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified