Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 301–325 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Emotion Based Hate Speech Detection using Multimodal Learning	Feb 13, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionMultimodal Deep Learning	—Unverified
Ensemble of pre-trained language models and data augmentation for hate speech detection from Arabic tweets	Jul 2, 2024	Data AugmentationEnsemble Learning	—Unverified
Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detection	May 22, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Semantic Feature Representations to Efficiently Detect Hate Intent on Social Media	Feb 1, 2020	General ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Evaluating Simple Debiasing Techniques in RoBERTa-based Hate Speech Detection Models	Jan 26, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Explainable and High-Performance Hate and Offensive Speech Detection	Jun 26, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionVocal Bursts Intensity Prediction	—Unverified
Explainable Identification of Hate Speech towards Islam using Graph Neural Networks	Nov 2, 2023	DecoderHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Explaining Hate Speech Classification with Model Agnostic Methods	May 30, 2023	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploiting Explainability to Design Adversarial Attacks and Evaluate Attack Resilience in Hate-Speech Detection Models	May 29, 2023	Adversarial RobustnessDecision Making	—Unverified
Exploiting Unsupervised Pre-training and Automated Feature Engineering for Low-resource Hate Speech Detection in Polish	Jun 17, 2019	Automated Feature EngineeringClassification	—Unverified
Exploring Data Augmentation Strategies for Hate Speech Detection in Roman Urdu	Jun 1, 2022	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring Large Language Models for Hate Speech Detection in Rioplatense Spanish	Oct 16, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring new Approaches for Information Retrieval through Natural Language Processing	May 4, 2025	Argument MiningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring Stylometric and Emotion-Based Features for Multilingual Cross-Domain Hate Speech Detection	Apr 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Exploring the Adversarial Capabilities of Large Language Models	Feb 14, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionText Generation	—Unverified
Exposing the limits of Zero-shot Cross-lingual Hate Speech Detection	Aug 1, 2021	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
俄语网络仇恨言论语料库研究与构建(An Russian Internet Corpus for Hate Speech Detection)	Oct 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Fair Hate Speech Detection through Evaluation of Social Group Counterfactuals	Oct 24, 2020	counterfactualFairness	—Unverified
Fairly Accurate: Learning Optimal Accuracy vs. Fairness Tradeoffs for Hate Speech Detection	Apr 15, 2022	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Few-shot Hate Speech Detection Based on the MindSpore Framework	Apr 22, 2025	Data AugmentationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Fight Fire with Fire: Fine-tuning Hate Detectors using Large Samples of Generated Hate Speech	Sep 1, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Fine-Grained Chinese Hate Speech Understanding: Span-Level Resources, Coded Term Lexicon, and Enhanced Detection Frameworks	Jul 15, 2025	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Finnish Hate-Speech Detection on Social Media Using CNN and FinBERT	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Free speech or Free Hate Speech? Analyzing the Proliferation of Hate Speech in Parler	Jul 1, 2022	ClassificationHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
From Universal Language Model to Downstream Task: Improving RoBERTa-Based Vietnamese Hate Speech Detection	Feb 24, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modeling	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified