Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 251–275 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Untangling Hate Speech Definitions: A Semantic Componential Analysis Across Cultures and Domains	Nov 11, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
SWE2: SubWord Enriched and Significant Word Emphasized Framework for Hate Speech Detection	Sep 25, 2024	Adversarial AttackHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Systematic Offensive Stereotyping (SOS) Bias in Language Models	Aug 21, 2023	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
An Interactive Exploratory Tool for the Task of Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
HCDIR: End-to-end Hate Context Detection, and Intensity Reduction model for online comments	Dec 20, 2023	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modeling	—Unverified
Hierarchical CVAE for Fine-Grained Hate Speech Classification	Aug 31, 2018	Binary ClassificationClassification	—Unverified
Unveiling Social Media Comments with a Novel Named Entity Recognition System for Identity Groups	May 13, 2024	ArticlesHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
AngryBERT: Joint Learning Target and Emotion for Hate Speech Detection	Mar 14, 2021	Hate Speech DetectionSentiment Analysis	—Unverified
Tâches Auxiliaires Multilingues pour le Transfert de Modèles de Détection de Discours Haineux (Multilingual Auxiliary Tasks for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Hate Speech Detection)	Jun 1, 2022	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
You Are What You Tweet: Profiling Users by Past Tweets to Improve Hate Speech Detection	Dec 16, 2020	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
4chan & 8chan embeddings	Apr 2, 2020	Hate Speech DetectionWord Embeddings	—Unverified
Who Speaks Matters: Analysing the Influence of the Speaker's Ethnicity on Hate Classification	Oct 27, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
HS-BAN: A Benchmark Dataset of Social Media Comments for Hate Speech Detection in Bangla	Dec 3, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
VAIS Hate Speech Detection System: A Deep Learning based Approach for System Combination	Oct 12, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targets	Oct 10, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Accounting for Offensive Speech as a Practice of Resistance	Jul 1, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionPhilosophy	—Unverified
The binary trio at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multitarget Hate Speech Detection in Tweets	Jun 1, 2019	Feature EngineeringHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
iCompass at Arabic Hate Speech 2022: Detect Hate Speech Using QRNN and Transformers	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Identification of Multiword Expressions in Tweets for Hate Speech Detection	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Identifying False Content and Hate Speech in Sinhala YouTube Videos by Analyzing the Audio	Jan 30, 2024	Hate Speech DetectionMisinformation	—Unverified
Identifying Hate Speech Using Neural Networks and Discourse Analysis Techniques	Jun 1, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Identity Construction in a Misogynist Incels Forum	Jun 27, 2023	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
IITR-CIOL@NLU of Devanagari Script Languages 2025: Multilingual Hate Speech Detection and Target Identification in Devanagari-Scripted Languages	Dec 23, 2024	Binary ClassificationDiversity	—Unverified
The Effects of User Features on Twitter Hate Speech Detection	Oct 1, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
The Impact of Persona-based Political Perspectives on Hateful Content Detection	Feb 1, 2025	DiversityFairness	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified