Hate Speech Detection

Hate speech detection is the task of detecting if communication such as text, audio, and so on contains hatred and or encourages violence towards a person or a group of people. This is usually based on prejudice against 'protected characteristics' such as their ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age et al. Some example benchmarks are ETHOS and HateXplain. Models can be evaluated with metrics like the F-score or F-measure.

Papers

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Showing 251–275 of 507 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
SWE2: SubWord Enriched and Significant Word Emphasized Framework for Hate Speech Detection	Sep 25, 2024	Adversarial AttackHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Systematic Offensive Stereotyping (SOS) Bias in Language Models	Aug 21, 2023	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Tâches Auxiliaires Multilingues pour le Transfert de Modèles de Détection de Discours Haineux (Multilingual Auxiliary Tasks for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer of Hate Speech Detection)	Jun 1, 2022	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Who Speaks Matters: Analysing the Influence of the Speaker's Ethnicity on Hate Classification	Oct 27, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
The binary trio at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multitarget Hate Speech Detection in Tweets	Jun 1, 2019	Feature EngineeringHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
The Effects of User Features on Twitter Hate Speech Detection	Oct 1, 2018	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
The Impact of Persona-based Political Perspectives on Hateful Content Detection	Feb 1, 2025	DiversityFairness	—Unverified
Measuring Catastrophic Forgetting in Cross-Lingual Transfer Paradigms: Exploring Tuning Strategies	Sep 12, 2023	Cross-Lingual TransferHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection	Jul 1, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
The Role of Context in Detecting the Target of Hate Speech	Oct 1, 2022	Hate Speech DetectionLanguage Modeling	—Unverified
Thesis Distillation: Investigating The Impact of Bias in NLP Models on Hate Speech Detection	Aug 31, 2023	FairnessHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
To BAN or not to BAN: Bayesian Attention Networks for Reliable Hate Speech Detection	Jul 10, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
ToKen: Task Decomposition and Knowledge Infusion for Few-Shot Hate Speech Detection	May 25, 2022	Cultural Vocal Bursts Intensity PredictionFew-Shot Learning	—Unverified
Towards A Multi-agent System for Online Hate Speech Detection	May 3, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards Argument Mining for Social Good: A Survey	Aug 1, 2021	Argument MiningFact Checking	—Unverified
Towards Code-switched Classification Exploiting Constituent Language Resources	Nov 3, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
Towards countering hate speech against journalists on social media	Dec 5, 2019	Active LearningHate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards Fairness Assessment of Dutch Hate Speech Detection	Jun 14, 2025	counterfactualFairness	—Unverified
Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutions	Feb 17, 2021	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Towards hate speech detection in low-resource languages: Comparing ASR to acoustic word embeddings on Wolof and Swahili	Jun 1, 2023	Automatic Speech RecognitionAutomatic Speech Recognition (ASR)	—Unverified
Towards High-Fidelity Synthetic Multi-platform Social Media Datasets via Large Language Models	May 2, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionMarketing	—Unverified
ToxSyn-PT: A Large-Scale Synthetic Dataset for Hate Speech Detection in Portuguese	Jun 11, 2025	Hate Speech DetectionMulti-Label Classification	—Unverified
Transferring Knowledge via Neighborhood-Aware Optimal Transport for Low-Resource Hate Speech Detection	Oct 17, 2022	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
Trustworthy Hate Speech Detection Through Visual Augmentation	Sep 20, 2024	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified
TuEval at SemEval-2019 Task 5: LSTM Approach to Hate Speech Detection in English and Spanish	Jun 1, 2019	Hate Speech Detection	—Unverified

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All datasets Ethos Binary HateXplain Ethos MultiLabel Waseem et al., 2018 AbusEval Automatic Misogynistic Identification HateMM HatEval OffensEval 2019 ToLD-Br bajer_danish_misogyny DKhate

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiLSTM + static BE	F1-score	0.8	—	Unverified
2	BERT	F1-score	0.79	—	Unverified
3	BiLSTM+Attention+FT	F1-score	0.77	—	Unverified
4	OPT-175B (few-shot)	F1-score	0.76	—	Unverified
5	CNN+Attention+FT+GV	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified
6	OPT-175B (one-shot)	F1-score	0.71	—	Unverified
7	OPT-175B (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.67	—	Unverified
8	SVM	F1-score	0.66	—	Unverified
9	Random Forests	F1-score	0.64	—	Unverified
10	Davinci (zero-shot)	F1-score	0.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BERT-MRP	AUROC	0.86	—	Unverified
2	BERT-RP	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
3	BERT-HateXplain [LIME]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
4	BERT-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.85	—	Unverified
5	BERT [Attn]	AUROC	0.84	—	Unverified
6	BiRNN-HateXplain [Attn]	AUROC	0.81	—	Unverified
7	BiRNN-Attn [Attn]	AUROC	0.8	—	Unverified
8	CNN-GRU [LIME]	AUROC	0.79	—	Unverified
9	BiRNN [LIME]	AUROC	0.77	—	Unverified
10	XG-HSI-BERT	Accuracy	0.75	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MLARAM	Hamming Loss	0.29	—	Unverified
2	MLkNN	Hamming Loss	0.16	—	Unverified
3	Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.14	—	Unverified
4	Neural Classifier Chains	Hamming Loss	0.13	—	Unverified
5	Neural Binary Relevance	Hamming Loss	0.11	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Mozafari et al., 2019	AAA	50.94	—	Unverified
2	SVM	AAA	46.51	—	Unverified
3	Kennedy et al., 2020	AAA	45.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.74	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.72	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBert	Accuracy	0.83	—	Unverified
2	Logistic Regression	Accuracy	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HXP + CLAP + CLIP	TEST F1 (macro)	0.85	—	Unverified
2	BERT + ViT + MFCC	TEST F1 (macro)	0.79	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.49	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.48	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	HateBERT	Macro F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	BERT	Macro F1	0.8	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Multilingual BERT	F1-score	0.75	—	Unverified
2	AutoML	F1-score	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AOM mBERT	F1	0.85	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline	F1	0.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RoBERTa-large-ST	Macro F1	80.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Baseline BERT (task A)	F1	0.77	—	Unverified