Grammatical Error Correction

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of correcting different kinds of errors in text such as spelling, punctuation, grammatical, and word choice errors.

GEC is typically formulated as a sentence correction task. A GEC system takes a potentially erroneous sentence as input and is expected to transform it to its corrected version. See the example given below:

| Input (Erroneous) | Output (Corrected) | | ------------------------- | ---------------------- | |She see Tom is catched by policeman in park at last night. | She saw Tom caught by a policeman in the park last night.|

Papers

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Showing 126–150 of 415 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
DSGram: Dynamic Weighting Sub-Metrics for Grammatical Error Correction in the Era of Large Language Models	Dec 17, 2024	Grammatical Error CorrectionLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Gender-Aware Reinflection using Linguistically Enhanced Neural Models	Dec 1, 2020	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Grammatical Error Correction in Low-Resource Scenarios	Oct 1, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
Byte-Level Grammatical Error Correction Using Synthetic and Curated Corpora	May 29, 2023	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
GEC-DePenD: Non-Autoregressive Grammatical Error Correction with Decoupled Permutation and Decoding	Nov 14, 2023	DecoderDenoising	CodeCode Available	5
gec-metrics: A Unified Library for Grammatical Error Correction Evaluation	May 26, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Efficient and Interpretable Grammatical Error Correction with Mixture of Experts	Oct 30, 2024	Grammatical Error CorrectionMixture-of-Experts	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluation of really good grammatical error correction	Aug 17, 2023	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Explanation based In-Context Demonstrations Retrieval for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction	Feb 12, 2025	Grammatical Error CorrectionIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	5
EdgeFormer: A Parameter-Efficient Transformer for On-Device Seq2seq Generation	Feb 16, 2022	Grammatical Error CorrectionKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available	5
A Low-Resource Approach to the Grammatical Error Correction of Ukrainian	May 5, 2023	Grammatical Error CorrectionLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluation Metrics in the Era of GPT-4: Reliably Evaluating Large Language Models on Sequence to Sequence Tasks	Oct 20, 2023	Grammatical Error CorrectionText Simplification	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring the Feasibility of Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction with a Single LLM up to 9B parameters: A Comparative Study of 17 Models	May 9, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Adjusting the Precision-Recall Trade-Off with Align-and-Predict Decoding for Grammatical Error Correction	May 1, 2022	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Gender-Inclusive Grammatical Error Correction through Augmentation	Jun 12, 2023	Data AugmentationGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Grammatical Error Correction with Contrastive Learning in Low Error Density Domains	Nov 1, 2021	Contrastive LearningGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Is this the end of the gold standard? A straightforward reference-less grammatical error correction metric	Nov 1, 2021	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Parallel Iterative Edit Models for Local Sequence Transduction	Oct 7, 2019	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Do Grammatical Error Correction Models Realize Grammatical Generalization?	Jun 6, 2021	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified	0
BLISS: Robust Sequence-to-Sequence Learning via Self-Supervised Input Representation	Apr 16, 2022	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified	0
Discriminative Reranking for Grammatical Error Correction with Statistical Machine Translation	Jun 1, 2016	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified	0
Developing NLP Tools with a New Corpus of Learner Spanish	May 1, 2020	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified	0
Developing a Spell and Grammar Checker for Icelandic using an Error Corpus	Jun 1, 2022	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	—Unverified	0
(Almost) Unsupervised Grammatical Error Correction using Synthetic Comparable Corpus	Aug 1, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified	0
Detecting English Grammatical Errors based on Machine Translation	Oct 1, 2013	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	—Unverified	0

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All datasets CoNLL-2014 Shared Task BEA-2019 (test)Falko-MERLIN JFLEG UA-GEC CoNLL-2014 Shared Task (10 annotations)Restricted Unrestricted _Restricted_EstGEC-L2 FCGEC MuCGEC

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Ensembles of best 7 models + GRECO + GTP-rerank	F0.5	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	71.8	—	Unverified
3	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	71.12	—	Unverified
4	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
5	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
6	ESC	F0.5	69.51	—	Unverified
7	T5	F0.5	68.87	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	67.79	—	Unverified
9	SynGEC	F0.5	67.6	—	Unverified
10	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+BERT, RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	66.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	81.4	—	Unverified
2	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	80.84	—	Unverified
3	ESC	F0.5	79.9	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified
5	clang_large_ft2-gector	F0.5	77.1	—	Unverified
6	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	76.5	—	Unverified
7	DeBERTa + RoBERTa + XLNet	F0.5	76.05	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	74.07	—	Unverified
9	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	73.7	—	Unverified
10	BEA Combination	F0.5	73.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	76.75	—	Unverified
2	mT5-based multimodal MoE	F0.5	76.3	—	Unverified
3	gT5 xxl	F0.5	75.96	—	Unverified
4	Transformer	F0.5	73.71	—	Unverified
5	Transformer - synthetic pretrain only	F0.5	51.41	—	Unverified
6	Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder	F0.5	43.35	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	VERNet	GLEU	62.1	—	Unverified
2	Transformer + Pre-train with Pseudo Data + BERT	GLEU	62	—	Unverified
3	SMT + BiGRU	GLEU	61.5	—	Unverified
4	Copy-augmented Model (4 Ensemble +Denoising Autoencoder)	GLEU	61	—	Unverified
5	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
6	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	74.09	—	Unverified
2	mBART-based model with synthetic data	F0.5	68.17	—	Unverified
3	mT5 large + 10M synth	F0.5	68.09	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	67.71	—	Unverified
5	ChatGPT (zero-shot)	F0.5	27.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GRECO (vote+ESC)	F0.5	85.21	—	Unverified
2	SMT + BiGRU	F0.5	72.04	—	Unverified
3	CNN Seq2Seq	F0.5	70.14	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Quality Estimation	F0.5	56.52	—	Unverified
2	Transformer	F0.5	55.8	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI with no critic	F0.5	18.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost and inference	GLEU	62.37	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost	F0.5	61.34	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI (ours)	F0.5	42.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	69.97	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	STG-Joint	exact match	34.1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	48.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified