Grammatical Error Correction

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of correcting different kinds of errors in text such as spelling, punctuation, grammatical, and word choice errors.

GEC is typically formulated as a sentence correction task. A GEC system takes a potentially erroneous sentence as input and is expected to transform it to its corrected version. See the example given below:

| Input (Erroneous) | Output (Corrected) | | ------------------------- | ---------------------- | |She see Tom is catched by policeman in park at last night. | She saw Tom caught by a policeman in the park last night.|

Papers

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Showing 101–125 of 415 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Gender-Inclusive Grammatical Error Correction through Augmentation	Jun 12, 2023	Data AugmentationGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Grammatical Error Correction for Code-Switched Sentences by Learners of English	Apr 18, 2024	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
A Study of Morphological Robustness of Neural Machine Translation	Aug 1, 2021	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
GEE! Grammar Error Explanation with Large Language Models	Nov 16, 2023	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Grammatical Error Correction in Low-Resource Scenarios	Oct 1, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
Negative language transfer in learner English: A new dataset	Jun 1, 2021	Grammatical Error CorrectionLanguage Acquisition	CodeCode Available	5
Classifying Syntactic Errors in Learner Language	Oct 21, 2020	ClassificationGeneral Classification	CodeCode Available	5
Cross-Sentence Grammatical Error Correction	Jul 1, 2019	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Neural Quality Estimation of Grammatical Error Correction	Oct 1, 2018	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
Choosing the Right Word: Using Bidirectional LSTM Tagger for Writing Support Systems	Jan 8, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
A Simple Yet Effective Corpus Construction Framework for Indonesian Grammatical Error Correction	Oct 28, 2024	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
A Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Neural Network for Grammatical Error Correction	Jan 26, 2018	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
GEC-DePenD: Non-Autoregressive Grammatical Error Correction with Decoupled Permutation and Decoding	Nov 14, 2023	DecoderDenoising	CodeCode Available	5
Reference-less Measure of Faithfulness for Grammatical Error Correction	Apr 11, 2018	Grammatical Error Correctionvalid	CodeCode Available	5
Exploring the Feasibility of Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction with a Single LLM up to 9B parameters: A Comparative Study of 17 Models	May 9, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Evaluation of really good grammatical error correction	Aug 17, 2023	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Some Grammatical Errors are Frequent, Others are Important	May 11, 2022	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Explanation based In-Context Demonstrations Retrieval for Multilingual Grammatical Error Correction	Feb 12, 2025	Grammatical Error CorrectionIn-Context Learning	CodeCode Available	5
gec-metrics: A Unified Library for Grammatical Error Correction Evaluation	May 26, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Adjusting the Precision-Recall Trade-Off with Align-and-Predict Decoding for Grammatical Error Correction	May 1, 2022	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Diamonds in the Rough: Generating Fluent Sentences from Early-Stage Drafts for Academic Writing Assistance	Oct 21, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Beyond Hard Samples: Robust and Effective Grammatical Error Correction with Cycle Self-Augmenting	Oct 20, 2023	Adversarial AttackGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
ErAConD : Error Annotated Conversational Dialog Dataset for Grammatical Error Correction	Dec 15, 2021	ChatbotGrammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5
Enhancing Grammatical Error Detection using BERT with Cleaned Lang-8 Dataset	Nov 23, 2024	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	CodeCode Available	5
Byte-Level Grammatical Error Correction Using Synthetic and Curated Corpora	May 29, 2023	Grammatical Error Correction	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets CoNLL-2014 Shared Task BEA-2019 (test)Falko-MERLIN JFLEG UA-GEC CoNLL-2014 Shared Task (10 annotations)Restricted Unrestricted _Restricted_EstGEC-L2 FCGEC MuCGEC

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Ensembles of best 7 models + GRECO + GTP-rerank	F0.5	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	71.8	—	Unverified
3	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	71.12	—	Unverified
4	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
5	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
6	ESC	F0.5	69.51	—	Unverified
7	T5	F0.5	68.87	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	67.79	—	Unverified
9	SynGEC	F0.5	67.6	—	Unverified
10	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+BERT, RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	66.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	81.4	—	Unverified
2	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	80.84	—	Unverified
3	ESC	F0.5	79.9	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified
5	clang_large_ft2-gector	F0.5	77.1	—	Unverified
6	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	76.5	—	Unverified
7	DeBERTa + RoBERTa + XLNet	F0.5	76.05	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	74.07	—	Unverified
9	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	73.7	—	Unverified
10	BEA Combination	F0.5	73.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	76.75	—	Unverified
2	mT5-based multimodal MoE	F0.5	76.3	—	Unverified
3	gT5 xxl	F0.5	75.96	—	Unverified
4	Transformer	F0.5	73.71	—	Unverified
5	Transformer - synthetic pretrain only	F0.5	51.41	—	Unverified
6	Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder	F0.5	43.35	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	VERNet	GLEU	62.1	—	Unverified
2	Transformer + Pre-train with Pseudo Data + BERT	GLEU	62	—	Unverified
3	SMT + BiGRU	GLEU	61.5	—	Unverified
4	Copy-augmented Model (4 Ensemble +Denoising Autoencoder)	GLEU	61	—	Unverified
5	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
6	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	74.09	—	Unverified
2	mBART-based model with synthetic data	F0.5	68.17	—	Unverified
3	mT5 large + 10M synth	F0.5	68.09	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	67.71	—	Unverified
5	ChatGPT (zero-shot)	F0.5	27.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GRECO (vote+ESC)	F0.5	85.21	—	Unverified
2	SMT + BiGRU	F0.5	72.04	—	Unverified
3	CNN Seq2Seq	F0.5	70.14	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Quality Estimation	F0.5	56.52	—	Unverified
2	Transformer	F0.5	55.8	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI with no critic	F0.5	18.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost and inference	GLEU	62.37	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost	F0.5	61.34	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI (ours)	F0.5	42.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	69.97	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	STG-Joint	exact match	34.1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	48.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified