Grammatical Error Correction

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of correcting different kinds of errors in text such as spelling, punctuation, grammatical, and word choice errors.

GEC is typically formulated as a sentence correction task. A GEC system takes a potentially erroneous sentence as input and is expected to transform it to its corrected version. See the example given below:

| Input (Erroneous) | Output (Corrected) | | ------------------------- | ---------------------- | |She see Tom is catched by policeman in park at last night. | She saw Tom caught by a policeman in the park last night.|

Papers

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Showing 101–125 of 415 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Correcting Serial Grammatical Errors based on N-grams and Syntax	Dec 1, 2013	Grammatical Error CorrectionLanguage Modelling	—Unverified
Correction Detection and Error Type Selection as an ESL Educational Aid	Jun 1, 2012	Grammatical Error CorrectionVocal Bursts Type Prediction	—Unverified
Correction of OCR Word Segmentation Errors in Articles from the ACL Collection through Neural Machine Translation Methods	May 1, 2018	ArticlesGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Corrections Meet Explanations: A Unified Framework for Explainable Grammatical Error Correction	Feb 21, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
CoNLL-2013 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction NTHU System Description	Aug 1, 2013	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Crossing the border twice: Reimporting prepositions to alleviate L1-specific transfer errors	May 1, 2017	Grammatical Error CorrectionLanguage Acquisition	—Unverified
A Tree Transducer Model for Grammatical Error Correction	Aug 1, 2013	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	—Unverified
Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for Grammatical Error Correction	Dec 1, 2020	Cross-Lingual TransferGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
CSynGEC: Incorporating Constituent-based Syntax for Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parser	Nov 15, 2022	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	—Unverified
CUNI System for the Building Educational Applications 2019 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction	Sep 12, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionNMT	—Unverified
An Automatic Error Tagger for German	Nov 1, 2018	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Augmentation of Incorporating Real Error Patterns and Linguistic Knowledge for Grammatical Error Correction	Nov 1, 2021	Data AugmentationGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Strategies for Low-Resource Grammatical Error Correction	Apr 1, 2021	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Weighted Training Strategies for Grammatical Error Correction	Aug 7, 2020	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified
Deep Learning Model Deployment in Multiple Cloud Providers: an Exploratory Study Using Low Computing Power Environments	Mar 31, 2025	CPUGPU	—Unverified
Denoising based Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Text Generation	Aug 22, 2019	Abstractive Text SummarizationDecoder	—Unverified
Detecting English Grammatical Errors based on Machine Translation	Oct 1, 2013	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	—Unverified
Computer-assisted stylistic revision with incomplete and noisy feedback. A pilot study	Jun 1, 2016	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Comparison of Grammatical Error Correction Using Back-Translation Models	Apr 16, 2021	Grammatical Error CorrectionTranslation	—Unverified
Developing NLP Tools with a New Corpus of Learner Spanish	May 1, 2020	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
A Taxonomy for In-depth Evaluation of Normalization for User Generated Content	May 1, 2018	Grammatical Error CorrectionLexical Normalization	—Unverified
Discriminative Reranking for Grammatical Error Correction with Statistical Machine Translation	Jun 1, 2016	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified
Addressing Class Imbalance in Grammatical Error Detection with Evaluation Metric Optimization	Dec 1, 2015	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	—Unverified
A Syntax-Guided Grammatical Error Correction Model with Dependency Tree Correction	Nov 5, 2021	Data AugmentationGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Combined Tree Kernel-based classifiers for Assessing Quality of Scientific Text	Jun 1, 2016	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified

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All datasets CoNLL-2014 Shared Task BEA-2019 (test)Falko-MERLIN JFLEG UA-GEC CoNLL-2014 Shared Task (10 annotations)Restricted Unrestricted _Restricted_EstGEC-L2 FCGEC MuCGEC

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Ensembles of best 7 models + GRECO + GTP-rerank	F0.5	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	71.8	—	Unverified
3	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	71.12	—	Unverified
4	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
5	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
6	ESC	F0.5	69.51	—	Unverified
7	T5	F0.5	68.87	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	67.79	—	Unverified
9	SynGEC	F0.5	67.6	—	Unverified
10	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+BERT, RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	66.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	81.4	—	Unverified
2	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	80.84	—	Unverified
3	ESC	F0.5	79.9	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified
5	clang_large_ft2-gector	F0.5	77.1	—	Unverified
6	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	76.5	—	Unverified
7	DeBERTa + RoBERTa + XLNet	F0.5	76.05	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	74.07	—	Unverified
9	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	73.7	—	Unverified
10	BEA Combination	F0.5	73.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	76.75	—	Unverified
2	mT5-based multimodal MoE	F0.5	76.3	—	Unverified
3	gT5 xxl	F0.5	75.96	—	Unverified
4	Transformer	F0.5	73.71	—	Unverified
5	Transformer - synthetic pretrain only	F0.5	51.41	—	Unverified
6	Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder	F0.5	43.35	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	VERNet	GLEU	62.1	—	Unverified
2	Transformer + Pre-train with Pseudo Data + BERT	GLEU	62	—	Unverified
3	SMT + BiGRU	GLEU	61.5	—	Unverified
4	Copy-augmented Model (4 Ensemble +Denoising Autoencoder)	GLEU	61	—	Unverified
5	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
6	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	74.09	—	Unverified
2	mBART-based model with synthetic data	F0.5	68.17	—	Unverified
3	mT5 large + 10M synth	F0.5	68.09	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	67.71	—	Unverified
5	ChatGPT (zero-shot)	F0.5	27.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GRECO (vote+ESC)	F0.5	85.21	—	Unverified
2	SMT + BiGRU	F0.5	72.04	—	Unverified
3	CNN Seq2Seq	F0.5	70.14	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Quality Estimation	F0.5	56.52	—	Unverified
2	Transformer	F0.5	55.8	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI with no critic	F0.5	18.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost and inference	GLEU	62.37	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost	F0.5	61.34	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI (ours)	F0.5	42.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	69.97	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	STG-Joint	exact match	34.1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	48.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified