Grammatical Error Correction

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of correcting different kinds of errors in text such as spelling, punctuation, grammatical, and word choice errors.

GEC is typically formulated as a sentence correction task. A GEC system takes a potentially erroneous sentence as input and is expected to transform it to its corrected version. See the example given below:

| Input (Erroneous) | Output (Corrected) | | ------------------------- | ---------------------- | |She see Tom is catched by policeman in park at last night. | She saw Tom caught by a policeman in the park last night.|

Papers

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Showing 351–375 of 415 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
CUNI System for the Building Educational Applications 2019 Shared Task: Grammatical Error Correction	Sep 12, 2019	Grammatical Error CorrectionNMT	—Unverified
Czech Grammar Error Correction with a Large and Diverse Corpus	Jan 14, 2022	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Augmentation of Incorporating Real Error Patterns and Linguistic Knowledge for Grammatical Error Correction	Nov 1, 2021	Data AugmentationGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Strategies for Low-Resource Grammatical Error Correction	Apr 1, 2021	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Data Weighted Training Strategies for Grammatical Error Correction	Aug 7, 2020	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified
Deep Learning Model Deployment in Multiple Cloud Providers: an Exploratory Study Using Low Computing Power Environments	Mar 31, 2025	CPUGPU	—Unverified
Denoising based Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Text Generation	Aug 22, 2019	Abstractive Text SummarizationDecoder	—Unverified
Detecting English Grammatical Errors based on Machine Translation	Oct 1, 2013	Grammatical Error CorrectionGrammatical Error Detection	—Unverified
Developing a Spell and Grammar Checker for Icelandic using an Error Corpus	Jun 1, 2022	Grammatical Error CorrectionSentence	—Unverified
Developing NLP Tools with a New Corpus of Learner Spanish	May 1, 2020	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Discriminative Reranking for Grammatical Error Correction with Statistical Machine Translation	Jun 1, 2016	Grammatical Error CorrectionMachine Translation	—Unverified
Do Grammatical Error Correction Models Realize Grammatical Generalization?	Jun 6, 2021	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Dynamic Negative Example Construction for Grammatical Error Correction using Contrastive Learning	Oct 1, 2022	Contrastive LearningGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
EdgeFormer: A Parameter-Efficient Transformer for On-Device Seq2seq Generation	Feb 16, 2022	Grammatical Error CorrectionKnowledge Distillation	—Unverified
EdiT5: Semi-Autoregressive Text-Editing with T5 Warm-Start	May 24, 2022	DecoderGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Efficient Grammatical Error Correction Via Multi-Task Training and Optimized Training Schedule	Nov 20, 2023	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Enabling Robust Grammatical Error Correction in New Domains: Data Sets, Metrics, and Analyses	Mar 1, 2019	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
End-to-End Spoken Grammatical Error Correction	Jun 23, 2025	Automatic Speech RecognitionAutomatic Speech Recognition (ASR)	—Unverified
Enhancing Text Editing for Grammatical Error Correction: Arabic as a Case Study	Mar 2, 2025	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Enriching Grammatical Error Correction Resources for Modern Greek	Jun 1, 2022	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Enriching the Korean Learner Corpus with Multi-reference Annotations and Rubric-Based Scoring	May 1, 2025	DiversityGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
Ensemble Distillation Approaches for Grammatical Error Correction	Nov 24, 2020	Grammatical Error CorrectionPrediction	—Unverified
Ensembling and Knowledge Distilling of Large Sequence Taggers for Grammatical Error Correction	Nov 16, 2021	Grammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
ErAConD: Error Annotated Conversational Dialog Dataset for Grammatical Error Correction	Jan 16, 2022	ChatbotGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified
ERRANT: Assessing and Improving Grammatical Error Type Classification	Dec 1, 2020	ClassificationGrammatical Error Correction	—Unverified

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All datasets CoNLL-2014 Shared Task BEA-2019 (test)Falko-MERLIN JFLEG UA-GEC CoNLL-2014 Shared Task (10 annotations)Restricted Unrestricted _Restricted_EstGEC-L2 FCGEC MuCGEC

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Ensembles of best 7 models + GRECO + GTP-rerank	F0.5	72.8	—	Unverified
2	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	71.8	—	Unverified
3	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	71.12	—	Unverified
4	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
5	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	69.6	—	Unverified
6	ESC	F0.5	69.51	—	Unverified
7	T5	F0.5	68.87	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	67.79	—	Unverified
9	SynGEC	F0.5	67.6	—	Unverified
10	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+BERT, RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	66.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Majority-voting ensemble on best 7 models	F0.5	81.4	—	Unverified
2	GRECO (voting+ESC)	F0.5	80.84	—	Unverified
3	ESC	F0.5	79.9	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified
5	clang_large_ft2-gector	F0.5	77.1	—	Unverified
6	Unsupervised GEC + cLang8	F0.5	76.5	—	Unverified
7	DeBERTa + RoBERTa + XLNet	F0.5	76.05	—	Unverified
8	MoECE	F0.5	74.07	—	Unverified
9	Sequence tagging + token-level transformations + two-stage fine-tuning (+RoBERTa, XLNet)	F0.5	73.7	—	Unverified
10	BEA Combination	F0.5	73.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	76.75	—	Unverified
2	mT5-based multimodal MoE	F0.5	76.3	—	Unverified
3	gT5 xxl	F0.5	75.96	—	Unverified
4	Transformer	F0.5	73.71	—	Unverified
5	Transformer - synthetic pretrain only	F0.5	51.41	—	Unverified
6	Multilayer Convolutional Encoder-Decoder	F0.5	43.35	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	VERNet	GLEU	62.1	—	Unverified
2	Transformer + Pre-train with Pseudo Data + BERT	GLEU	62	—	Unverified
3	SMT + BiGRU	GLEU	61.5	—	Unverified
4	Copy-augmented Model (4 Ensemble +Denoising Autoencoder)	GLEU	61	—	Unverified
5	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
6	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	74.09	—	Unverified
2	mBART-based model with synthetic data	F0.5	68.17	—	Unverified
3	mT5 large + 10M synth	F0.5	68.09	—	Unverified
4	RedPenNet	F0.5	67.71	—	Unverified
5	ChatGPT (zero-shot)	F0.5	27.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GRECO (vote+ESC)	F0.5	85.21	—	Unverified
2	SMT + BiGRU	F0.5	72.04	—	Unverified
3	CNN Seq2Seq	F0.5	70.14	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Quality Estimation	F0.5	56.52	—	Unverified
2	Transformer	F0.5	55.8	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI with no critic	F0.5	18.7	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost and inference	GLEU	62.37	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq + Fluency Boost	F0.5	61.34	—	Unverified
3	+ BIFI (ours)	F0.5	42.4	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Transformer	GLEU	59.9	—	Unverified
2	CNN Seq2Seq	GLEU	57.47	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Llama + 1M BT + gold	F0.5	69.97	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	STG-Joint	exact match	34.1	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GEC-DI (LM+GED)	F0.5	48.61	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	RedPenNet	F0.5	77.6	—	Unverified