Text Simplification

Text Simplification is the task of reducing the complexity of the vocabulary and sentence structure of text while retaining its original meaning, with the goal of improving readability and understanding. Simplification has a variety of important societal applications, for example increasing accessibility for those with cognitive disabilities such as aphasia, dyslexia, and autism, or for non-native speakers and children with reading difficulties.

Source: Multilingual Unsupervised Sentence Simplification

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 126–150 of 468 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Evaluating Factuality in Text Simplification	Apr 15, 2022	Text Simplification	CodeCode Available	5
ETPC - A Paraphrase Identification Corpus Annotated with Extended Paraphrase Typology and Negation	May 1, 2018	Natural Language InferenceNegation	CodeCode Available	5
Learning How to Simplify From Explicit Labeling of Complex-Simplified Text Pairs	Nov 1, 2017	Machine TranslationSentence	CodeCode Available	5
Readability-based Sentence Ranking for Evaluating Text Simplification	Mar 18, 2016	ArticlesCross-corpus	CodeCode Available	5
Cross-Sentence Transformations in Text Simplification	Aug 1, 2019	SentenceText Simplification	—Unverified	0
Creating and using large monolingual parallel corpora for sentential paraphrase generation	May 1, 2014	Language ModellingMachine Translation	—Unverified	0
Automatic Assessment of Conceptual Text Complexity Using Knowledge Graphs	Aug 1, 2018	Binary ClassificationKnowledge Graphs	—Unverified	0
Creating an Aligned Russian Text Simplification Dataset from Language Learner Data	Apr 1, 2021	Text Simplification	—Unverified	0
Coreference-Based Text Simplification	May 1, 2020	coreference-resolutionCoreference Resolution	—Unverified	0
Automatic and Human-AI Interactive Text Generation	Oct 5, 2023	Paraphrase GenerationStyle Transfer	—Unverified	0
An Imitation Learning Curriculum for Text Editing with Non-Autoregressive Models	Mar 17, 2022	Abstractive Text SummarizationImitation Learning	—Unverified	0
Automated Text Simplification as a Preprocessing Step for Machine Translation into an Under-resourced Language	Sep 1, 2019	Machine TranslationNMT	—Unverified	0
Controllable Text Simplification with Lexical Constraint Loss	Jul 1, 2019	SentenceText Simplification	—Unverified	0
Controllable Text Simplification with Explicit Paraphrasing	Oct 21, 2020	Data AugmentationText Simplification	—Unverified	0
Automated Feedback Loops to Protect Text Simplification with Generative AI from Information Loss	May 22, 2025	Missing ElementsSemantic Similarity	—Unverified	0
An Experimental Study of LSTM Encoder-Decoder Model for Text Simplification	Sep 13, 2016	DecoderSentence	—Unverified	0
Aligning Sentences from Standard Wikipedia to Simple Wikipedia	May 1, 2015	ArticlesLanguage Acquisition	—Unverified	0
Attacking Misinformation Detection Using Adversarial Examples Generated by Language Models	Oct 28, 2024	ArticlesMisinformation	—Unverified	0
Context-Aware Automatic Text Simplification of Health Materials in Low-Resource Domains	Nov 1, 2020	Text Simplification	—Unverified	0
Computational considerations of comparisons and similes	Aug 1, 2013	Text Simplification	—Unverified	0
A Tool for Automatic Simplification of Swedish Texts	May 1, 2015	Text Simplification	—Unverified	0
Complex Word Identification in Vietnamese: Towards Vietnamese Text Simplification	Jul 1, 2022	Complex Word IdentificationLexical Simplification	—Unverified	0
Complex Word Identification: Convolutional Neural Network vs. Feature Engineering	Jun 1, 2018	Complex Word IdentificationFeature Engineering	—Unverified	0
A Tagging Approach to Identify Complex Constituents for Text Simplification	Sep 1, 2013	Machine TranslationReading Comprehension	—Unverified	0
An Evaluation of Binary Comparative Lexical Complexity Models	Jul 1, 2022	Lexical Complexity PredictionSentence	—Unverified	0

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All datasets TurkCorpus ASSET Newsela PWKP / WikiSmall DEplain-APA-doc DEplain-web-doc EurekaAlert DEplain-APA-sent DEplain-web-sent WikiLargeFR Wiki-Auto + Turk

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GPT-175B (6 SARI-selected examples, high/low)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.46	—	Unverified
2	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Supervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.53	—	Unverified
3	Control Prefixes (BART)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.32	—	Unverified
4	TST	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	41.46	—	Unverified
5	ACCESS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	41.38	—	Unverified
6	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.85	—	Unverified
7	DMASS-DCSS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.45	—	Unverified
8	SBMT-SARI	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	39.56	—	Unverified
9	EditNTS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.22	—	Unverified
10	PBMT-R	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.04	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GPT-175B (15 SARI-selected examples, random ordering)	BLEU	73.92	—	Unverified
2	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Supervised)	BLEU	72.98	—	Unverified
3	Control Prefixes (BART)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.58	—	Unverified
4	TST	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.21	—	Unverified
5	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.65	—	Unverified
6	ACCESS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.13	—	Unverified
7	DMASS-DCSS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.67	—	Unverified
8	Dress-LS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	36.59	—	Unverified
9	UNTS (Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	35.19	—	Unverified
10	PBMT-R	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CRF Alignment + Transformer	SARI	36.6	—	Unverified
2	Pointer + Multi-task Entailment and Paraphrase Generation	SARI	33.22	—	Unverified
3	EditNTS	SARI	31.41	—	Unverified
4	S2S-Cluster-FA	SARI	30.73	—	Unverified
5	Edit-Unsup-TS	SARI	30.44	—	Unverified
6	NSELSTM-S	SARI	29.58	—	Unverified
7	NSELSTM-B	SARI	27.42	—	Unverified
8	DRESS	SARI	27.37	—	Unverified
9	DMASS + DCSS	SARI	27.28	—	Unverified
10	DRESS-LS	SARI	26.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	NSELSTM-B	BLEU	53.42	—	Unverified
2	TST	SARI	44.67	—	Unverified
3	UNSUP	BLEU	38.47	—	Unverified
4	DRESS-LS	BLEU	36.32	—	Unverified
5	DRESS	BLEU	34.53	—	Unverified
6	EditNTS	SARI	32.35	—	Unverified
7	NSELSTM-S	BLEU	29.72	—	Unverified
8	Pointer + Multi-task Entailment and Paraphrase Generation	BLEU	27.23	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	44.56	—	Unverified
2	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc & DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.86	—	Unverified
3	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	35.02	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc & DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	49.75	—	Unverified
2	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	49.58	—	Unverified
3	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.09	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	SATS	SARI	40.83	—	Unverified
2	MedTSS-BART (Without Training)	Rouge1	35.17	—	Unverified
3	HTSS	Rouge1	21.94	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent & DEplain-web-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.9	—	Unverified
2	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.82	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent & DEplain-web-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.83	—	Unverified
2	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	30.87	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mT5 (fine-tuned on MULTI-SIM)	SARI	39.23	—	Unverified
2	LSTM	SARI	39.05	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BART (TextBox 2.0)	BLEU-4	90.81	—	Unverified