Text Simplification

Text Simplification is the task of reducing the complexity of the vocabulary and sentence structure of text while retaining its original meaning, with the goal of improving readability and understanding. Simplification has a variety of important societal applications, for example increasing accessibility for those with cognitive disabilities such as aphasia, dyslexia, and autism, or for non-native speakers and children with reading difficulties.

Source: Multilingual Unsupervised Sentence Simplification

Papers

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Showing 276–300 of 468 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
French and German Corpora for Audience-based Text Type Classification	May 1, 2012	Dependency ParsingGeneral Classification	—Unverified
French Biomedical Text Simplification: When Small and Precise Helps	Dec 1, 2020	Text Simplification	—Unverified
From distributional semantics to feature norms: grounding semantic models in human perceptual data	Apr 1, 2015	Semantic Textual SimilarityText Simplification	—Unverified
From Shakespeare to Twitter: What are Language Styles all about?	Sep 1, 2017	AllLexical Simplification	—Unverified
Generating Animations from Screenplays	Apr 10, 2019	SentenceText Simplification	—Unverified
HECTOR: A Hybrid TExt SimplifiCation TOol for Raw Texts in French	Jun 1, 2022	Lexical SimplificationText Simplification	—Unverified
HMC at SemEval-2016 Task 11: Identifying Complex Words Using Depth-limited Decision Trees	Jun 1, 2016	Complex Word IdentificationLexical Simplification	—Unverified
Controlling Pre-trained Language Models for Grade-Specific Text Simplification	May 24, 2023	Text Simplification	—Unverified
Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation	Jun 1, 2014	Machine TranslationText Simplification	—Unverified
Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules	Apr 1, 2014	Machine TranslationText Simplification	—Unverified
Identification of Parallel Sentences in Comparable Monolingual Corpora from Different Registers	Oct 1, 2018	Information RetrievalMachine Translation	—Unverified
Identifying Abstract and Concrete Words in French to Better Address Reading Difficulties	May 1, 2020	Text Simplification	—Unverified
Improvements to Dependency Parsing Using Automatic Simplification of Data	May 1, 2014	Dependency ParsingLanguage Modeling	—Unverified
Improving Estonian Text Simplification through Pretrained Language Models and Custom Datasets	Jan 26, 2025	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	—Unverified
Improving Human Text Simplification with Sentence Fusion	Jun 1, 2021	RerankingSentence	—Unverified
Improving Machine Translation of English Relative Clauses with Automatic Text Simplification	Nov 1, 2018	Machine TranslationText Simplification	—Unverified
Improving Neural Text Simplification Model with Simplified Corpora	Oct 10, 2018	DecoderLexical Simplification	—Unverified
Improving Text Simplification Language Modeling Using Unsimplified Text Data	Aug 1, 2013	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	—Unverified
Input Seed Features for Guiding the Generation Process: A Statistical Approach for Spanish	Sep 1, 2015	Language ModellingText Generation	—Unverified
Is Character Trigram Overlapping Ratio Still the Best Similarity Measure for Aligning Sentences in a Paraphrased Corpus?	Nov 1, 2022	SentenceText Simplification	—Unverified
Is it Possible to Modify Text to a Target Readability Level? An Initial Investigation Using Zero-Shot Large Language Models	Sep 22, 2023	Language ModellingReading Comprehension	—Unverified
Joint Copying and Restricted Generation for Paraphrase	Nov 28, 2016	Abstractive Text SummarizationDecoder	—Unverified
JUST-BLUE at SemEval-2021 Task 1: Predicting Lexical Complexity using BERT and RoBERTa Pre-trained Language Models	Aug 1, 2021	Binary ClassificationText Simplification	—Unverified
Korean L2 Vocabulary Prediction: Can a Large Annotated Corpus be Used to Train Better Models for Predicting Unknown Words?	May 1, 2018	Language AcquisitionLexical Simplification	—Unverified
Label Confidence Weighted Learning for Target-level Sentence Simplification	Oct 8, 2024	DecoderSentence	—Unverified

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All datasets TurkCorpus ASSET Newsela PWKP / WikiSmall DEplain-APA-doc DEplain-web-doc EurekaAlert DEplain-APA-sent DEplain-web-sent WikiLargeFR Wiki-Auto + Turk

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GPT-175B (6 SARI-selected examples, high/low)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.46	—	Unverified
2	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Supervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.53	—	Unverified
3	Control Prefixes (BART)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.32	—	Unverified
4	TST	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	41.46	—	Unverified
5	ACCESS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	41.38	—	Unverified
6	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.85	—	Unverified
7	DMASS-DCSS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.45	—	Unverified
8	SBMT-SARI	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	39.56	—	Unverified
9	EditNTS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.22	—	Unverified
10	PBMT-R	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.04	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	GPT-175B (15 SARI-selected examples, random ordering)	BLEU	73.92	—	Unverified
2	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Supervised)	BLEU	72.98	—	Unverified
3	Control Prefixes (BART)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.58	—	Unverified
4	TST	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.21	—	Unverified
5	MUSS (BART+ACCESS Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.65	—	Unverified
6	ACCESS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	40.13	—	Unverified
7	DMASS-DCSS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	38.67	—	Unverified
8	Dress-LS	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	36.59	—	Unverified
9	UNTS (Unsupervised)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	35.19	—	Unverified
10	PBMT-R	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CRF Alignment + Transformer	SARI	36.6	—	Unverified
2	Pointer + Multi-task Entailment and Paraphrase Generation	SARI	33.22	—	Unverified
3	EditNTS	SARI	31.41	—	Unverified
4	S2S-Cluster-FA	SARI	30.73	—	Unverified
5	Edit-Unsup-TS	SARI	30.44	—	Unverified
6	NSELSTM-S	SARI	29.58	—	Unverified
7	NSELSTM-B	SARI	27.42	—	Unverified
8	DRESS	SARI	27.37	—	Unverified
9	DMASS + DCSS	SARI	27.28	—	Unverified
10	DRESS-LS	SARI	26.63	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	NSELSTM-B	BLEU	53.42	—	Unverified
2	TST	SARI	44.67	—	Unverified
3	UNSUP	BLEU	38.47	—	Unverified
4	DRESS-LS	BLEU	36.32	—	Unverified
5	DRESS	BLEU	34.53	—	Unverified
6	EditNTS	SARI	32.35	—	Unverified
7	NSELSTM-S	BLEU	29.72	—	Unverified
8	Pointer + Multi-task Entailment and Paraphrase Generation	BLEU	27.23	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	44.56	—	Unverified
2	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc & DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	42.86	—	Unverified
3	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	35.02	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc & DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	49.75	—	Unverified
2	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-web-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	49.58	—	Unverified
3	long-mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-doc)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	43.09	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	SATS	SARI	40.83	—	Unverified
2	MedTSS-BART (Without Training)	Rouge1	35.17	—	Unverified
3	HTSS	Rouge1	21.94	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent & DEplain-web-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.9	—	Unverified
2	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.82	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent & DEplain-web-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	34.83	—	Unverified
2	mBART (trained on DEplain-APA-sent)	SARI (EASSE>=0.2.1)	30.87	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	mT5 (fine-tuned on MULTI-SIM)	SARI	39.23	—	Unverified
2	LSTM	SARI	39.05	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BART (TextBox 2.0)	BLEU-4	90.81	—	Unverified