Slot Filling

The goal of Slot Filling is to identify from a running dialog different slots, which correspond to different parameters of the user’s query. For instance, when a user queries for nearby restaurants, key slots for location and preferred food are required for a dialog system to retrieve the appropriate information. Thus, the main challenge in the slot-filling task is to extract the target entity.

Source: Real-time On-Demand Crowd-powered Entity Extraction

Image credit: Robust Retrieval Augmented Generation for Zero-shot Slot Filling

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 201–225 of 458 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
I^2KD-SLU: An Intra-Inter Knowledge Distillation Framework for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Spoken Language Understanding	Oct 4, 2023	Intent DetectionKnowledge Distillation	—Unverified
Inconsistencies in Crowdsourced Slot-Filling Annotations: A Typology and Identification Methods	Dec 1, 2020	slot-fillingSlot Filling	—Unverified
Hybrid Dialog State Tracker with ASR Features	Feb 21, 2017	dialog state trackingslot-filling	—Unverified
Incremental Construction of Robust but Deep Semantic Representations for Use in Responsive Dialogue Systems	Dec 1, 2012	Slot Filling	—Unverified
InFoBERT: Zero-Shot Approach to Natural Language Understanding Using Contextualized Word Embedding	Sep 1, 2021	intent-classificationIntent Classification	—Unverified
Combining Word-Level and Character-Level Representations for Relation Classification of Informal Text	Aug 1, 2017	ClassificationGeneral Classification	—Unverified
A Sequence-to-sequence Approach for Numerical Slot-filling Dialog Systems	Jul 1, 2020	Question GenerationQuestion-Generation	—Unverified
Insurance Question Answering via Single-turn Dialogue Modeling	Oct 1, 2022	Intent DetectionQuestion Answering	—Unverified
Integration of Pre-trained Networks with Continuous Token Interface for End-to-End Spoken Language Understanding	Apr 15, 2021	intent-classificationIntent Classification	—Unverified
How Does Beam Search improve Span-Level Confidence Estimation in Generative Sequence Labeling?	Dec 21, 2022	slot-fillingSlot Filling	—Unverified
Combining Word Feature Vector Method with the Convolutional Neural Network for Slot Filling in Spoken Language Understanding	Jun 18, 2018	Sentenceslot-filling	—Unverified
HiTZ at VarDial 2025 NorSID: Overcoming Data Scarcity with Language Transfer and Automatic Data Annotation	Dec 13, 2024	Dialect IdentificationIntent Detection	—Unverified
Interpretable and Robust Dialogue State Tracking via Natural Language Summarization with LLMs	Mar 11, 2025	Dialogue State Trackingslot-filling	—Unverified
InToEventS: An Interactive Toolkit for Discovering and Building Event Schemas	Apr 1, 2017	ClusteringSlot Filling	—Unverified
Intra-Template Entity Compatibility based Slot-Filling for Clinical Trial Information Extraction	May 1, 2022	PICOslot-filling	—Unverified
Introducing "Forecast Utterance" for Conversational Data Science	Sep 7, 2023	PredictionQuestion Answering	—Unverified
Combining Supervised and Unsupervised Enembles for Knowledge Base Population	Nov 1, 2016	Entity LinkingKnowledge Base Population	—Unverified
Invocable APIs derived from NL2SQL datasets for LLM Tool-Calling Evaluation	Jun 12, 2025	Intent DetectionNatural Language Queries	—Unverified
A Self-Attentive Model with Gate Mechanism for Spoken Language Understanding	Oct 1, 2018	Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)Intent Detection	—Unverified
HierTOD: A Task-Oriented Dialogue System Driven by Hierarchical Goals	Nov 11, 2024	Dialogue ManagementManagement	—Unverified
Iterative Feature Mining for Constraint-Based Data Collection to Increase Data Diversity and Model Robustness	Nov 1, 2020	Diversityintent-classification	—Unverified
Japanese Dialogue Corpus of Information Navigation and Attentive Listening Annotated with Extended ISO-24617-2 Dialogue Act Tags	May 1, 2018	Slot FillingSpoken Dialogue Systems	—Unverified
Combining Distant and Partial Supervision for Relation Extraction	Oct 1, 2014	Active LearningRelation	—Unverified
结合边界预测和动态模板方法的槽填充模型(Slot Filling Model with Boundary Prediction and Dynamic Template)	Aug 1, 2021	slot-fillingSlot Filling	—Unverified
HCLD: A Hierarchical Framework for Zero-shot Cross-lingual Dialogue System	Oct 1, 2022	Intent DetectionSentence	—Unverified

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All datasets KILT: Zero Shot RE KILT: T-REx MixSNIPS MixATIS ATIS SNIPS SLURP MASSIVE ATIS (vi)CAIS Dialogue State Tracking Challenge MULTIWOZ 2.2

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	single ngram	KILT-AC	73.2	—	Unverified
2	KGI_1	KILT-AC	72.31	—	Unverified
3	MetaRAG	KILT-AC	71.1	—	Unverified
4	KGI_0 (reupload)	KILT-AC	68.32	—	Unverified
5	Wikipedia	KILT-AC	67.2	—	Unverified
6	Multitask DPR + BART	KILT-AC	50.64	—	Unverified
7	10k	KILT-AC	41.34	—	Unverified
8	DensePhrases	KILT-AC	41.34	—	Unverified
9	RAG	KILT-AC	36.83	—	Unverified
10	Coop. Distil Bert	KILT-AC	34.13	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Re2G	KILT-AC	75.84	—	Unverified
2	KGI_1	KILT-AC	69.14	—	Unverified
3	Wikipedia	KILT-AC	64.64	—	Unverified
4	MetaRAG	KILT-AC	61.88	—	Unverified
5	single ngram	KILT-AC	60.08	—	Unverified
6	KGI_0 (reupload)	KILT-AC	55.54	—	Unverified
7	Coop. DistilBert	KILT-AC	36.68	—	Unverified
8	DensePhrases	KILT-AC	27.84	—	Unverified
9	10k	KILT-AC	27.84	—	Unverified
10	RAG	KILT-AC	23.12	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	BiSLU	Micro F1	97.2	—	Unverified
2	SLIM (PACL)	Micro F1	96.8	—	Unverified
3	SLIM	Micro F1	96.5	—	Unverified
4	Uni-MIS	Micro F1	96.4	—	Unverified
5	TFMN	Micro F1	96.4	—	Unverified
6	TFMN (PACL)	Micro F1	96.3	—	Unverified
7	RoBERTa (PACL)	Micro F1	96.2	—	Unverified
8	DGIF	Micro F1	95.9	—	Unverified
9	SSRAN	Micro F1	95.8	—	Unverified
10	MISCA	Micro F1	95.2	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MISCA	Micro F1	90.5	—	Unverified
2	Co-guiding Net	Micro F1	89.8	—	Unverified
3	SSRAN	Micro F1	89.4	—	Unverified
4	BiSLU	Micro F1	89.4	—	Unverified
5	UGEN	Micro F1	89.2	—	Unverified
6	Topic Information	Micro F1	88.7	—	Unverified
7	SLIM	Micro F1	88.5	—	Unverified
8	Global Intent-Slot Co-occurence	Micro F1	88.5	—	Unverified
9	DGIF	Micro F1	88.5	—	Unverified
10	Uni-MIS	Micro F1	88.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CTRAN	F1	0.98	—	Unverified
2	Bi-model with a decoder	F1	0.97	—	Unverified
3	Joint BERT	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
4	Stack-Propagation (+BERT)	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
5	JointBERT-CAE	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
6	AGIF	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
7	Joint BERT + CRF	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
8	Attention Encoder-Decoder NN	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
9	Context Encoder	F1	0.96	—	Unverified
10	SF-ID	F1	0.96	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CTRAN	F1	98.3	—	Unverified
2	Stack-Propagation (+BERT)	F1	97	—	Unverified
3	JointBERT-CAE	F1	97	—	Unverified
4	AGIF	F1	94.8	—	Unverified
5	Stack-Propagation	F1	94.2	—	Unverified
6	Context Encoder	F1	93.6	—	Unverified
7	SF-ID	F1	92.23	—	Unverified
8	Slot-Gated BLSTM with Attension	F1	88.8	—	Unverified
9	DecomposedMetaSL	F1 (1-shot) avg	74.89	—	Unverified
10	Capsule-NLU	F1	0.92	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	TDT 0-6	F1	0.81	—	Unverified
2	Partially Fine-tuned HuBERT	F1	0.75	—	Unverified
3	Multi-SLURP	F1	0.64	—	Unverified
4	Finstreder (Conformer)	F1	0.4	—	Unverified
5	Finstreder (Quartznet)	F1	0.31	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	XLM-R Base	Slot F1 Score	83.6	—	Unverified
2	mT5 Base (encoder-only)	Slot F1 Score	82.2	—	Unverified
3	mT5 Base (text-to-text)	Slot F1 Score	81.3	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	JointBERT-CAE	Slot F1	95.5	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CM-Net	F1	86.16	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MIDAS	F1 score	98.56	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MIDAS	F1 score	99.28	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Fashion GAE	FITB	96.9	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	General SLU Model w/ Profile	F1	0.83	—	Unverified