Semantic Textual Similarity

Semantic textual similarity deals with determining how similar two pieces of texts are. This can take the form of assigning a score from 1 to 5. Related tasks are paraphrase or duplicate identification.

Image source: Learning Semantic Textual Similarity from Conversations

Papers

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Showing 651–675 of 2381 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Score
Efficient Heuristics Generation for Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems Using Large Language Models	May 19, 2025	Combinatorial OptimizationSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
Measuring Semantic Similarity of Words Using Concept Networks	Aug 1, 2016	Representation LearningSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
A character-based steganography using masked language modeling	Jan 15, 2024	Language ModelingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available	5
Correlations between Word Vector Sets	Oct 7, 2019	Semantic Textual SimilaritySTS	CodeCode Available	5
Correlation Coefficients and Semantic Textual Similarity	May 19, 2019	Semantic Textual SimilaritySentence	CodeCode Available	5
Augmented SBERT: Data Augmentation Method for Improving Bi-Encoders for Pairwise Sentence Scoring Tasks	Oct 16, 2020	Data AugmentationDomain Adaptation	CodeCode Available	5
A Comparative Study of Text Embedding Models for Semantic Text Similarity in Bug Reports	Aug 17, 2023	Semantic Textual Similaritytext similarity	CodeCode Available	5
A Multi-Task Approach for Disentangling Syntax and Semantics in Sentence Representations	Apr 2, 2019	DisentanglementSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
Contextualized Semantic Distance between Highly Overlapped Texts	Oct 4, 2021	Domain AdaptationLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
MixMOOD: A systematic approach to class distribution mismatch in semi-supervised learning using deep dataset dissimilarity measures	Jun 14, 2020	Multi-class ClassificationSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
MobileBERT: a Compact Task-Agnostic BERT for Resource-Limited Devices	Apr 6, 2020	Natural Language InferenceQuestion Answering	CodeCode Available	5
Model Comparison for Semantic Grouping	Apr 30, 2019	modelSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
A Novel Patent Similarity Measurement Methodology: Semantic Distance and Technological Distance	Mar 23, 2023	Patent classificationSemantic Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
MoralStrength: Exploiting a Moral Lexicon and Embedding Similarity for Moral Foundations Prediction	Apr 17, 2019	Decision MakingLEMMA	CodeCode Available	5
Correcting Contradictions	Jan 1, 2017	Common Sense ReasoningNatural Language Inference	CodeCode Available	5
MSnet: A BERT-based Network for Gendered Pronoun Resolution	Aug 1, 2019	Semantic SimilaritySemantic Textual Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
EL Embeddings: Geometric construction of models for the Description Logic EL ++	Feb 27, 2019	Graph EmbeddingKnowledge Graph Embedding	CodeCode Available	5
MultiHal: Multilingual Dataset for Knowledge-Graph Grounded Evaluation of LLM Hallucinations	May 20, 2025	Fact CheckingHallucination	CodeCode Available	5
Doubly-Trained Adversarial Data Augmentation for Neural Machine Translation	Oct 12, 2021	Data AugmentationMachine Translation	CodeCode Available	5
COPER: a Query-adaptable Semantics-based Search Engine for Persian COVID-19 Articles	Jul 12, 2021	ArticlesSemantic Textual Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
Don’t Judge a Language Model by Its Last Layer: Contrastive Learning with Layer-Wise Attention Pooling	Oct 1, 2022	Contrastive LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
Don't Judge a Language Model by Its Last Layer: Contrastive Learning with Layer-Wise Attention Pooling	Sep 13, 2022	Contrastive LearningLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available	5
BIS: NL2SQL Service Evaluation Benchmark for Business Intelligence Scenarios	Oct 30, 2024	Semantic SimilaritySemantic Textual Similarity	CodeCode Available	5
Domain Adaptation for Japanese Sentence Embeddings with Contrastive Learning based on Synthetic Sentence Generation	Mar 12, 2025	Contrastive LearningDomain Adaptation	CodeCode Available	5
Don't Settle for Average, Go for the Max: Fuzzy Sets and Max-Pooled Word Vectors	Apr 30, 2019	Semantic Textual SimilaritySentence	CodeCode Available	5

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All datasets STS Benchmark MTEB MRPC SICK STS13 STS14 STS12 STS15 STS16 MRPC Dev SentEval SICK-R

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	SMARTRoBERTa	Dev Pearson Correlation	92.8	—	Unverified
2	DeBERTa (large)	Accuracy	92.5	—	Unverified
3	SMART-BERT	Dev Pearson Correlation	90	—	Unverified
4	MT-DNN-SMART	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
5	StructBERTRoBERTa ensemble	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
6	Mnet-Sim	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
7	XLNet (single model)	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
8	ALBERT	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
9	T5-11B	Pearson Correlation	0.93	—	Unverified
10	RoBERTa	Pearson Correlation	0.92	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AnglE-UAE	Spearman Correlation	84.54	—	Unverified
2	ST5-XXL	Spearman Correlation	82.63	—	Unverified
3	ST5-Large	Spearman Correlation	81.83	—	Unverified
4	ST5-XL	Spearman Correlation	81.66	—	Unverified
5	ST5-Base	Spearman Correlation	81.14	—	Unverified
6	MPNet-multilingual	Spearman Correlation	80.73	—	Unverified
7	SGPT-5.8B-nli	Spearman Correlation	80.53	—	Unverified
8	MPNet	Spearman Correlation	80.28	—	Unverified
9	MiniLM-L12	Spearman Correlation	79.8	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-BERT-sup	Spearman Correlation	79.12	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	MT-DNN-SMART	Accuracy	93.7	—	Unverified
2	ALBERT	Accuracy	93.4	—	Unverified
3	RoBERTa (ensemble)	Accuracy	92.3	—	Unverified
4	BigBird	F1	91.5	—	Unverified
5	StructBERTRoBERTa ensemble	Accuracy	91.5	—	Unverified
6	FLOATER-large	Accuracy	91.4	—	Unverified
7	SMART	Accuracy	91.3	—	Unverified
8	RoBERTa-large 355M (MLP quantized vector-wise, fine-tuned)	Accuracy	91	—	Unverified
9	RoBERTa-large 355M + Entailment as Few-shot Learner	F1	91	—	Unverified
10	SpanBERT	Accuracy	90.9	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	PromCSE-RoBERTa-large (0.355B)	Spearman Correlation	0.82	—	Unverified
2	PromptEOL+CSE+LLaMA-30B	Spearman Correlation	0.82	—	Unverified
3	PromptEOL+CSE+OPT-13B	Spearman Correlation	0.82	—	Unverified
4	SimCSE-RoBERTalarge	Spearman Correlation	0.82	—	Unverified
5	PromptEOL+CSE+OPT-2.7B	Spearman Correlation	0.81	—	Unverified
6	SentenceBERT	Spearman Correlation	0.75	—	Unverified
7	SRoBERTa-NLI-base	Spearman Correlation	0.74	—	Unverified
8	SRoBERTa-NLI-large	Spearman Correlation	0.74	—	Unverified
9	Dino (STS/̄🦕)	Spearman Correlation	0.74	—	Unverified
10	SBERT-NLI-large	Spearman Correlation	0.74	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	AnglE-LLaMA-7B	Spearman Correlation	0.91	—	Unverified
2	AnglE-LLaMA-7B-v2	Spearman Correlation	0.91	—	Unverified
3	PromptEOL+CSE+LLaMA-30B	Spearman Correlation	0.9	—	Unverified
4	PromptEOL+CSE+OPT-13B	Spearman Correlation	0.9	—	Unverified
5	PromptEOL+CSE+OPT-2.7B	Spearman Correlation	0.9	—	Unverified
6	PromCSE-RoBERTa-large (0.355B)	Spearman Correlation	0.89	—	Unverified
7	Trans-Encoder-BERT-large-bi (unsup.)	Spearman Correlation	0.89	—	Unverified
8	Trans-Encoder-BERT-large-cross (unsup.)	Spearman Correlation	0.88	—	Unverified
9	Trans-Encoder-RoBERTa-large-cross (unsup.)	Spearman Correlation	0.88	—	Unverified
10	SimCSE-RoBERTa-large	Spearman Correlation	0.87	—	Unverified