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Language Modelling

A language model is a model of natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, machine translation, natural language generation (generating more human-like text), optical character recognition, route optimization, handwriting recognition, grammar induction, and information retrieval.

Large language models (LLMs), currently their most advanced form, are predominantly based on transformers trained on larger datasets (frequently using words scraped from the public internet). They have superseded recurrent neural network-based models, which had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as word n-gram language model.

Source: Wikipedia

Papers

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Showing 4151–4200 of 17610 papers

TitleStatusHype
Sequential-Parallel Duality in Prefix Scannable Models—0
Slimming Down LLMs Without Losing Their Minds—0
MNN-LLM: A Generic Inference Engine for Fast Large Language Model Deployment on Mobile Devices—0
Nowcasting the euro area with social media data—0
NeuralNexus at BEA 2025 Shared Task: Retrieval-Augmented Prompting for Mistake Identification in AI TutorsCode0
Motion-R1: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Reinforcement Learning for Human Motion Generation—0
Discrete Audio Tokens: More Than a Survey!—0
Automated Validation of Textual Constraints Against AutomationML via LLMs and SHACLCode0
DanceChat: Large Language Model-Guided Music-to-Dance Generation—0
Improving Named Entity Transcription with Contextual LLM-based Revision—0
Grounded Vision-Language Navigation for UAVs with Open-Vocabulary Goal Understanding—0
Unsourced Adversarial CAPTCHA: A Bi-Phase Adversarial CAPTCHA Framework—0
Prompt-Guided Latent Diffusion with Predictive Class Conditioning for 3D Prostate MRI Generation—0
Intent Factored Generation: Unleashing the Diversity in Your Language ModelCode0
Chat-of-Thought: Collaborative Multi-Agent System for Generating Domain Specific Information—0
GigaChat Family: Efficient Russian Language Modeling Through Mixture of Experts Architecture—0
Bridging the Gap Between Open-Source and Proprietary LLMs in Table QACode0
LaMAGIC2: Advanced Circuit Formulations for Language Model-Based Analog Topology Generation—0
CoLMbo: Speaker Language Model for Descriptive ProfilingCode0
Alzheimer's Dementia Detection Using Perplexity from Paired Large Language Models—0
Disclosure Audits for LLM Agents—0
You Are What You Say: Exploiting Linguistic Content for VoicePrivacy Attacks—0
TransXSSM: A Hybrid Transformer State Space Model with Unified Rotary Position Embedding—0
Towards Multi-modal Graph Large Language Model—0
Towards Open Foundation Language Model and Corpus for Macedonian: A Low-Resource Language—0
The Predictive Brain: Neural Correlates of Word Expectancy Align with Large Language Model Prediction Probabilities—0
SUTA-LM: Bridging Test-Time Adaptation and Language Model Rescoring for Robust ASR—0
MLVTG: Mamba-Based Feature Alignment and LLM-Driven Purification for Multi-Modal Video Temporal Grounding—0
JoFormer (Journey-based Transformer): Theory and Empirical Analysis on the Tiny Shakespeare DatasetCode0
PropMEND: Hypernetworks for Knowledge Propagation in LLMsCode0
Towards Secure and Private Language Models for Nuclear Power Plants—0
PHRASED: Phrase Dictionary Biasing for Speech Translation—0
PlantBert: An Open Source Language Model for Plant Science—0
MetaTT: A Global Tensor-Train Adapter for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning—0
Safe and Economical UAV Trajectory Planning in Low-Altitude Airspace: A Hybrid DRL-LLM Approach with Compliance Awareness—0
SakugaFlow: A Stagewise Illustration Framework Emulating the Human Drawing Process and Providing Interactive Tutoring for Novice Drawing Skills—0
DeepForm: Reasoning Large Language Model for Communication System Formulation—0
SPBA: Utilizing Speech Large Language Model for Backdoor Attacks on Speech Classification Models—0
WIP: Large Language Model-Enhanced Smart Tutor for Undergraduate Circuit Analysis—0
From Pixels to Graphs: using Scene and Knowledge Graphs for HD-EPIC VQA Challenge—0
CAF-I: A Collaborative Multi-Agent Framework for Enhanced Irony Detection with Large Language Models—0
XGraphRAG: Interactive Visual Analysis for Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented GenerationCode0
Unlocking the Potential of Large Language Models in the Nuclear Industry with Synthetic Data—0
Language-Grounded Hierarchical Planning and Execution with Multi-Robot 3D Scene Graphs—0
Reinforcement Pre-Training—0
SpatialLM: Training Large Language Models for Structured Indoor Modeling—0
Quantum Graph Transformer for NLP Sentiment Classification—0
LiteVLM: A Low-Latency Vision-Language Model Inference Pipeline for Resource-Constrained Environments—0
Towards a Small Language Model Lifecycle Framework—0
OpenSplat3D: Open-Vocabulary 3D Instance Segmentation using Gaussian Splatting—0
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All datasetsWikiText-103Penn Treebank (Word Level)enwik8The PileWikiText-2LAMBADAOne Billion WordText8Penn Treebank (Character Level)Hutter PrizeOpenWebTextSALMon

Benchmark Results

#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Decay RNNValidation perplexity76.67—Unverified
2GRUValidation perplexity53.78—Unverified
3LSTMValidation perplexity52.73—Unverified
4LSTMTest perplexity48.7—Unverified
5Temporal CNNTest perplexity45.2—Unverified
6TCNTest perplexity45.19—Unverified
7GCNN-8Test perplexity44.9—Unverified
8Neural cache model (size = 100)Test perplexity44.8—Unverified
9Neural cache model (size = 2,000)Test perplexity40.8—Unverified
10GPT-2 SmallTest perplexity37.5—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1TCNTest perplexity108.47—Unverified
2Seq-U-NetTest perplexity107.95—Unverified
3GRU (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity92.48—Unverified
4R-TransformerTest perplexity84.38—Unverified
5Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (medium)Test perplexity82.7—Unverified
6Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (medium)Test perplexity79.7—Unverified
7LSTM (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity78.93—Unverified
8Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (large)Test perplexity78.4—Unverified
9Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (large)Test perplexity75.2—Unverified
10Inan et al. (2016) - Variational RHNTest perplexity66—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1LSTM (7 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.67—Unverified
2HypernetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.34—Unverified
3SHA-LSTM (4 layers, h=1024, no attention head)Bit per Character (BPC)1.33—Unverified
4LN HM-LSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.32—Unverified
5ByteNetBit per Character (BPC)1.31—Unverified
6Recurrent Highway NetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.27—Unverified
7Large FS-LSTM-4Bit per Character (BPC)1.25—Unverified
8Large mLSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.24—Unverified
9AWD-LSTM (3 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.23—Unverified
10Cluster-Former (#C=512)Bit per Character (BPC)1.22—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Smaller Transformer 126M (pre-trained)Test perplexity33—Unverified
2OPT 125MTest perplexity32.26—Unverified
3Larger Transformer 771M (pre-trained)Test perplexity28.1—Unverified
4OPT 1.3BTest perplexity19.55—Unverified
5GPT-Neo 125MTest perplexity17.83—Unverified
6OPT 2.7BTest perplexity17.81—Unverified
7Smaller Transformer 126M (fine-tuned)Test perplexity12—Unverified
8GPT-Neo 1.3BTest perplexity11.46—Unverified
9Transformer 125MTest perplexity10.7—Unverified
10GPT-Neo 2.7BTest perplexity10.44—Unverified