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Language Modelling

A language model is a model of natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, machine translation, natural language generation (generating more human-like text), optical character recognition, route optimization, handwriting recognition, grammar induction, and information retrieval.

Large language models (LLMs), currently their most advanced form, are predominantly based on transformers trained on larger datasets (frequently using words scraped from the public internet). They have superseded recurrent neural network-based models, which had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as word n-gram language model.

Source: Wikipedia

Papers

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Showing 5951–6000 of 17610 papers

TitleStatusHype
An Empirical Investigation of Domain Adaptation Ability for Chinese Spelling Check Models—0
An Empirical Study of Conformal Prediction in LLM with ASP Scaffolds for Robust Reasoning—0
An Empirical Study of Contextual Data Augmentation for Japanese Zero Anaphora Resolution—0
An Empirical Study of Efficient ASR Rescoring with Transformers—0
An Empirical Study of Federated Prompt Learning for Vision Language Model—0
An Empirical Study of Finding Similar Exercises—0
An Empirical Study of Language Model Integration for Transducer based Speech Recognition—0
An Empirical Study of Machine Translation for the Shared Task of WMT18—0
An Empirical Study of Mamba-based Language Models—0
An Empirical Study Of Semi-Supervised Chinese Word Segmentation Using Co-Training—0
An Empirical Study on Measuring the Similarity of Sentential Arguments with Language Model Domain Adaptation—0
An Empirical Study on Pseudo-log-likelihood Bias Measures for Masked Language Models Using Paraphrased Sentences—0
An Empirical Survey of the Effectiveness of Debiasing Techniques for Pre-trained Language Models—0
An End-to-End Document-Level Neural Discourse Parser Exploiting Multi-Granularity Representations—0
An End-to-End Speech Recognition for the Nepali Language—0
An End-to-End Speech Summarization Using Large Language Model—0
An Enhanced Large Language Model For Cross Modal Query Understanding System Using DL-KeyBERT Based CAZSSCL-MPGPT—0
An Ensemble Approach to Personalized Real Time Predictive Writing for Experts—0
A Neural Approach to Pun Generation—0
A neural document language modeling framework for spoken document retrieval—0
A Neural Knowledge Language Model—0
A Neural Local Coherence Analysis Model for Clarity Text Scoring—0
A Neural Matrix Decomposition Recommender System Model based on the Multimodal Large Language Model—0
A Neural Model for Language Identification in Code-Switched Tweets—0
A Neural Network Based Model for Loanword Identification in Uyghur—0
A Neural Network for Factoid Question Answering over Paragraphs—0
A Neural Rewriting System to Solve Algorithmic Problems—0
A Neuro-Symbolic Method for Solving Differential and Functional Equations—0
An Evaluation of Subword Segmentation Strategies for Neural Machine Translation of Morphologically Rich Languages—0
An Evaluation on Large Language Model Outputs: Discourse and Memorization—0
An Evolutionary Large Language Model for Hallucination Mitigation—0
An evolutionary model of personality traits related to cooperative behavior using a large language model—0
A New Era in LLM Security: Exploring Security Concerns in Real-World LLM-based Systems—0
A New Massive Multilingual Dataset for High-Performance Language Technologies—0
An experimental analysis of Noise-Contrastive Estimation: the noise distribution matters—0
An Explainable AI Approach to Large Language Model Assisted Causal Model Auditing and Development—0
An Explainable Transformer-based Model for Phishing Email Detection: A Large Language Model Approach—0
An Explanation of Intrinsic Self-Correction via Linear Representations and Latent Concepts—0
An Exploration of Forest-to-String Translation: Does Translation Help or Hurt Parsing?—0
Exploring In-Context Learning of Textless Speech Language Model for Speech Classification Tasks—0
An Exploration of Prompt-Based Zero-Shot Relation Extraction Method—0
An Exploration of Prompt-Based Zero-Shot Relation Extraction Method—0
An exploratory study of L1-specific non-words—0
An Extensive Empirical Evaluation of Character-Based Morphological Tagging for 14 Languages—0
An Extra RMSNorm is All You Need for Fine Tuning to 1.58 Bits—0
Animating the Past: Reconstruct Trilobite via Video Generation—0
An Implementation of Werewolf Agent That does not Truly Trust LLMs—0
An Improved Hierarchical Word Sequence Language Model Using Directional Information—0
An Improved Single Step Non-autoregressive Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognition—0
An Improved Transformer-based Model for Detecting Phishing, Spam, and Ham: A Large Language Model Approach—0
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All datasetsWikiText-103Penn Treebank (Word Level)enwik8The PileWikiText-2LAMBADAOne Billion WordText8Penn Treebank (Character Level)Hutter PrizeOpenWebTextSALMon

Benchmark Results

#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Decay RNNValidation perplexity76.67—Unverified
2GRUValidation perplexity53.78—Unverified
3LSTMValidation perplexity52.73—Unverified
4LSTMTest perplexity48.7—Unverified
5Temporal CNNTest perplexity45.2—Unverified
6TCNTest perplexity45.19—Unverified
7GCNN-8Test perplexity44.9—Unverified
8Neural cache model (size = 100)Test perplexity44.8—Unverified
9Neural cache model (size = 2,000)Test perplexity40.8—Unverified
10GPT-2 SmallTest perplexity37.5—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1TCNTest perplexity108.47—Unverified
2Seq-U-NetTest perplexity107.95—Unverified
3GRU (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity92.48—Unverified
4R-TransformerTest perplexity84.38—Unverified
5Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (medium)Test perplexity82.7—Unverified
6Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (medium)Test perplexity79.7—Unverified
7LSTM (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity78.93—Unverified
8Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (large)Test perplexity78.4—Unverified
9Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (large)Test perplexity75.2—Unverified
10Inan et al. (2016) - Variational RHNTest perplexity66—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1LSTM (7 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.67—Unverified
2HypernetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.34—Unverified
3SHA-LSTM (4 layers, h=1024, no attention head)Bit per Character (BPC)1.33—Unverified
4LN HM-LSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.32—Unverified
5ByteNetBit per Character (BPC)1.31—Unverified
6Recurrent Highway NetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.27—Unverified
7Large FS-LSTM-4Bit per Character (BPC)1.25—Unverified
8Large mLSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.24—Unverified
9AWD-LSTM (3 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.23—Unverified
10Cluster-Former (#C=512)Bit per Character (BPC)1.22—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Smaller Transformer 126M (pre-trained)Test perplexity33—Unverified
2OPT 125MTest perplexity32.26—Unverified
3Larger Transformer 771M (pre-trained)Test perplexity28.1—Unverified
4OPT 1.3BTest perplexity19.55—Unverified
5GPT-Neo 125MTest perplexity17.83—Unverified
6OPT 2.7BTest perplexity17.81—Unverified
7Smaller Transformer 126M (fine-tuned)Test perplexity12—Unverified
8GPT-Neo 1.3BTest perplexity11.46—Unverified
9Transformer 125MTest perplexity10.7—Unverified
10GPT-Neo 2.7BTest perplexity10.44—Unverified