SOTAVerified

Language Modelling

A language model is a model of natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, machine translation, natural language generation (generating more human-like text), optical character recognition, route optimization, handwriting recognition, grammar induction, and information retrieval.

Large language models (LLMs), currently their most advanced form, are predominantly based on transformers trained on larger datasets (frequently using words scraped from the public internet). They have superseded recurrent neural network-based models, which had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as word n-gram language model.

Source: Wikipedia

Papers

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Showing 5351–5400 of 17610 papers

TitleStatusHype
LaMAGIC2: Advanced Circuit Formulations for Language Model-Based Analog Topology Generation—0
Discrete Audio Tokens: More Than a Survey!—0
DanceChat: Large Language Model-Guided Music-to-Dance Generation—0
Unsourced Adversarial CAPTCHA: A Bi-Phase Adversarial CAPTCHA Framework—0
Tesseract: Parallelize the Tensor Parallelism Efficiently—0
3D-CT-GPT: Generating 3D Radiology Reports through Integration of Large Vision-Language Models—0
3d human motion generation from the text via gesture action classification and the autoregressive model—0
3DLLM-Mem: Long-Term Spatial-Temporal Memory for Embodied 3D Large Language Model—0
3D-RPE: Enhancing Long-Context Modeling Through 3D Rotary Position Encoding—0
3D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Model—0
6VecLM: Language Modeling in Vector Space for IPv6 Target Generation—0
A 23 MW data centre is all you need—0
A3-108 Machine Translation System for Similar Language Translation Shared Task 2020—0
A 5' UTR Language Model for Decoding Untranslated Regions of mRNA and Function Predictions—0
AAVENUE: Detecting LLM Biases on NLU Tasks in AAVE via a Novel Benchmark—0
A Bag of Tricks for Dialogue Summarization—0
A Baseline for Self-state Identification and Classification in Mental Health Data: CLPsych 2025 Task—0
A Bayesian approach for prompt optimization in pre-trained language models—0
A Bayesian Model for Generative Transition-based Dependency Parsing—0
ABC: Attention with Bounded-memory Control—0
Abductive Reasoning with the GPT-4 Language Model: Case studies from criminal investigation, medical practice, scientific research—0
A Benchmark for Lease Contract Review—0
A BERT-based Deep Learning Approach for Reputation Analysis in Social Media—0
A BERT-based Unsupervised Grammatical Error Correction Framework—0
A Binarized Neural Network Joint Model for Machine Translation—0
A bi-objective ε-constrained framework for quality-cost optimization in language model ensembles—0
A bird's eye view on coherence, and a worm's eye view on cohesion—0
Towards Coherent and Cohesive Long-form Text Generation—0
A Bit of Progress in Language Modeling—0
A Block Metropolis-Hastings Sampler for Controllable Energy-based Text Generation—0
A Brief Report on LawGPT 1.0: A Virtual Legal Assistant Based on GPT-3—0
Abrupt Learning in Transformers: A Case Study on Matrix Completion—0
Absformer: Transformer-based Model for Unsupervised Multi-Document Abstractive Summarization—0
Abstractive Sentence Summarization with Attentive Recurrent Neural Networks—0
Abstractive Text Summarization for Contemporary Sanskrit Prose: Issues and Challenges—0
Unicode Normalization and Grapheme Parsing of Indic Languages—0
Abu-MaTran at WMT 2016 Translation Task: Deep Learning, Morphological Segmentation and Tuning on Character Sequences—0
A-CAP: Anticipation Captioning with Commonsense Knowledge—0
A Career Interview Dialogue System using Large Language Model-based Dynamic Slot Generation—0
A Careful Examination of Large Language Model Performance on Grade School Arithmetic—0
A Cascading Cooperative Multi-agent Framework for On-ramp Merging Control Integrating Large Language Models—0
A Case-Based Persistent Memory for a Large Language Model—0
A Case Study in Bootstrapping Ontology Graphs from Textbooks—0
A Case Study in Engineering a Conversational Programming Assistant's Persona—0
Accelerated Preference Optimization for Large Language Model Alignment—0
Accelerated Sampling from Masked Diffusion Models via Entropy Bounded Unmasking—0
Accelerated Test-Time Scaling with Model-Free Speculative Sampling—0
Accelerating Clinical Evidence Synthesis with Large Language Models—0
Accelerating Diffusion Language Model Inference via Efficient KV Caching and Guided Diffusion—0
Accelerating evolutionary exploration through language model-based transfer learning—0
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All datasetsWikiText-103Penn Treebank (Word Level)enwik8The PileWikiText-2LAMBADAOne Billion WordText8Penn Treebank (Character Level)Hutter PrizeOpenWebTextSALMon

Benchmark Results

#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Decay RNNValidation perplexity76.67—Unverified
2GRUValidation perplexity53.78—Unverified
3LSTMValidation perplexity52.73—Unverified
4LSTMTest perplexity48.7—Unverified
5Temporal CNNTest perplexity45.2—Unverified
6TCNTest perplexity45.19—Unverified
7GCNN-8Test perplexity44.9—Unverified
8Neural cache model (size = 100)Test perplexity44.8—Unverified
9Neural cache model (size = 2,000)Test perplexity40.8—Unverified
10GPT-2 SmallTest perplexity37.5—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1TCNTest perplexity108.47—Unverified
2Seq-U-NetTest perplexity107.95—Unverified
3GRU (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity92.48—Unverified
4R-TransformerTest perplexity84.38—Unverified
5Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (medium)Test perplexity82.7—Unverified
6Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (medium)Test perplexity79.7—Unverified
7LSTM (Bai et al., 2018)Test perplexity78.93—Unverified
8Zaremba et al. (2014) - LSTM (large)Test perplexity78.4—Unverified
9Gal & Ghahramani (2016) - Variational LSTM (large)Test perplexity75.2—Unverified
10Inan et al. (2016) - Variational RHNTest perplexity66—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1LSTM (7 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.67—Unverified
2HypernetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.34—Unverified
3SHA-LSTM (4 layers, h=1024, no attention head)Bit per Character (BPC)1.33—Unverified
4LN HM-LSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.32—Unverified
5ByteNetBit per Character (BPC)1.31—Unverified
6Recurrent Highway NetworksBit per Character (BPC)1.27—Unverified
7Large FS-LSTM-4Bit per Character (BPC)1.25—Unverified
8Large mLSTMBit per Character (BPC)1.24—Unverified
9AWD-LSTM (3 layers)Bit per Character (BPC)1.23—Unverified
10Cluster-Former (#C=512)Bit per Character (BPC)1.22—Unverified
#ModelMetricClaimedVerifiedStatus
1Smaller Transformer 126M (pre-trained)Test perplexity33—Unverified
2OPT 125MTest perplexity32.26—Unverified
3Larger Transformer 771M (pre-trained)Test perplexity28.1—Unverified
4OPT 1.3BTest perplexity19.55—Unverified
5GPT-Neo 125MTest perplexity17.83—Unverified
6OPT 2.7BTest perplexity17.81—Unverified
7Smaller Transformer 126M (fine-tuned)Test perplexity12—Unverified
8GPT-Neo 1.3BTest perplexity11.46—Unverified
9Transformer 125MTest perplexity10.7—Unverified
10GPT-Neo 2.7BTest perplexity10.44—Unverified