Constituency Parsing

Constituency parsing aims to extract a constituency-based parse tree from a sentence that represents its syntactic structure according to a phrase structure grammar.

Example:

             Sentence (S)
                 |
   +-------------+------------+
   |                          |
 Noun (N)                Verb Phrase (VP)
   |                          |
 John                 +-------+--------+
                      |                |
                    Verb (V)         Noun (N)
                      |                |
                    sees              Bill

Recent approaches convert the parse tree into a sequence following a depth-first traversal in order to be able to apply sequence-to-sequence models to it. The linearized version of the above parse tree looks as follows: (S (N) (VP V N)).

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 176–200 of 204 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status
Recurrent Neural Network Grammars	Feb 25, 2016	Constituency ParsingLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available
BERT-Proof Syntactic Structures: Investigating Errors in Discontinuous Constituency Parsing	Aug 1, 2021	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Automatic Extraction of Clausal Embedding Based on Large-Scale English Text Data	Jun 16, 2025	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Structural Optimization Ambiguity and Simplicity Bias in Unsupervised Neural Grammar Induction	Jul 23, 2024	Constituency Grammar InductionConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Rethinking Self-Attention: Towards Interpretability in Neural Parsing	Nov 10, 2019	Constituency ParsingDependency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Structured Tree Alignment for Evaluation of (Speech) Constituency Parsing	Feb 21, 2024	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Latent Tree Learning with Ordered Neurons: What Parses Does It Produce?	Oct 10, 2020	Constituency ParsingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available
Dependency Induction Through the Lens of Visual Perception	Sep 20, 2021	Constituency Grammar InductionConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Assessing the Use of Prosody in Constituency Parsing of Imperfect Transcripts	Jun 14, 2021	Automatic Speech RecognitionAutomatic Speech Recognition (ASR)	CodeCode Available
Learning Syntax from Naturally-Occurring Bracketings	Apr 28, 2021	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
An Empirical Study of Building a Strong Baseline for Constituency Parsing	Jul 1, 2018	Abstractive Text SummarizationConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Syntactic Parse Fusion	Sep 1, 2015	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Less Grammar, More Features	Jun 1, 2014	Constituency ParsingSentiment Analysis	CodeCode Available
Rule Augmented Unsupervised Constituency Parsing	May 21, 2021	Constituency Parsingreinforcement-learning	CodeCode Available
LLM-enhanced Self-training for Cross-domain Constituency Parsing	Nov 5, 2023	Constituency ParsingLanguage Modeling	CodeCode Available
Scheduled Sampling for Sequence Prediction with Recurrent Neural Networks	Jun 9, 2015	Constituency ParsingImage Captioning	CodeCode Available
Cross-Domain Generalization of Neural Constituency Parsers	Jul 9, 2019	Constituency ParsingDomain Generalization	CodeCode Available
Multilingual Lexicalized Constituency Parsing with Word-Level Auxiliary Tasks	Apr 1, 2017	Constituency ParsingMorphological Analysis	CodeCode Available
Multilingual Chart-based Constituency Parse Extraction from Pre-trained Language Models	Apr 8, 2020	Constituency ParsingCross-Lingual Transfer	CodeCode Available
Unsupervised Latent Tree Induction with Deep Inside-Outside Recursive Auto-Encoders	Jun 1, 2019	Constituency Grammar InductionConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Multistage Collaborative Knowledge Distillation from a Large Language Model for Semi-Supervised Sequence Generation	Nov 15, 2023	Constituency ParsingKnowledge Distillation	CodeCode Available
CPTAM: Constituency Parse Tree Aggregation Method	Jan 19, 2022	Constituency ParsingSentence	CodeCode Available
Unlexicalized Transition-based Discontinuous Constituency Parsing	Feb 24, 2019	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Court Judgement Labeling Using Topic Modeling and Syntactic Parsing	Aug 3, 2022	Constituency ParsingDependency Parsing	CodeCode Available
Converting the Point of View of Messages Spoken to Virtual Assistants	Oct 6, 2020	Constituency ParsingLanguage Modelling	CodeCode Available

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All datasets Penn Treebank CTB5 CTB7 ATB

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Hashing + XLNet	F1 score	96.43	—	Unverified
2	SAPar + XLNet	F1 score	96.4	—	Unverified
3	Label Attention Layer + HPSG + XLNet	F1 score	96.38	—	Unverified
4	Attach-Juxtapose Parser + XLNet	F1 score	96.34	—	Unverified
5	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + XLNet	F1 score	96.33	—	Unverified
6	CRF Parser + RoBERTa	F1 score	96.32	—	Unverified
7	Hashing + Bert	F1 score	96.03	—	Unverified
8	NFC + BERT-large	F1 score	95.92	—	Unverified
9	N-ary semi-markov + BERT-large	F1 score	95.92	—	Unverified
10	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + BERT	F1 score	95.84	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Attach-Juxtapose Parser + BERT	F1 score	93.52	—	Unverified
2	SAPar + BERT	F1 score	92.66	—	Unverified
3	N-ary semi-markov + BERT	F1 score	92.5	—	Unverified
4	Hashing + Bert	F1 score	92.33	—	Unverified
5	CRF Parser + BERT	F1 score	92.27	—	Unverified
6	Kitaev etal. 2019	F1 score	91.75	—	Unverified
7	CRF Parser	F1 score	89.8	—	Unverified
8	Zhou etal. 2019	F1 score	89.4	—	Unverified
9	Kitaev etal. 2018	F1 score	87.43	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CRF Parser + Electra	F1 score	91.92	—	Unverified
2	CRF Parser + BERT	F1 score	91.55	—	Unverified
3	CRF Parser	F1 score	88.6	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	SAPar	F1	83.26	—	Unverified