Constituency Parsing

Constituency parsing aims to extract a constituency-based parse tree from a sentence that represents its syntactic structure according to a phrase structure grammar.

Example:

             Sentence (S)
                 |
   +-------------+------------+
   |                          |
 Noun (N)                Verb Phrase (VP)
   |                          |
 John                 +-------+--------+
                      |                |
                    Verb (V)         Noun (N)
                      |                |
                    sees              Bill

Recent approaches convert the parse tree into a sequence following a depth-first traversal in order to be able to apply sequence-to-sequence models to it. The linearized version of the above parse tree looks as follows: (S (N) (VP V N)).

Papers

Recently Added Most Hyped Most Active Needs Verification Most Verified

Showing 1–25 of 204 papers

Title	Date	Tasks	Status	Hype
Grammar-Constrained Decoding for Structured NLP Tasks without Finetuning	May 23, 2023	Code GenerationConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	2
DadmaTools: Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Persian Language	Jul 1, 2022	ChunkingConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	2
Unsupervised Discontinuous Constituency Parsing with Mildly Context-Sensitive Grammars	Dec 18, 2022	Constituency Parsingparameter estimation	CodeCode Available	1
On Parsing as Tagging	Nov 14, 2022	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
TreeMix: Compositional Constituency-based Data Augmentation for Natural Language Understanding	May 12, 2022	Constituency ParsingData Augmentation	CodeCode Available	1
Challenges to Open-Domain Constituency Parsing	May 1, 2022	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
Learned Incremental Representations for Parsing	May 1, 2022	Constituency ParsingSentence	CodeCode Available	1
Nested Named Entity Recognition as Latent Lexicalized Constituency Parsing	Mar 9, 2022	Constituency ParsingEntity Typing	CodeCode Available	1
Bottom-Up Constituency Parsing and Nested Named Entity Recognition with Pointer Networks	Oct 11, 2021	Constituency Parsingnamed-entity-recognition	CodeCode Available	1
ELIT: Emory Language and Information Toolkit	Sep 8, 2021	AMR ParsingConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
Headed-Span-Based Projective Dependency Parsing	Aug 10, 2021	Constituency ParsingDependency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
N-ary Constituent Tree Parsing with Recursive Semi-Markov Model	Jul 26, 2021	BinarizationConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
Nested Named Entity Recognition with Partially-Observed TreeCRFs	Dec 15, 2020	Constituency Parsingnamed-entity-recognition	CodeCode Available	1
StructFormer: Joint Unsupervised Induction of Dependency and Constituency Structure from Masked Language Modeling	Dec 1, 2020	Constituency ParsingDependency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
Strongly Incremental Constituency Parsing with Graph Neural Networks	Oct 27, 2020	Constituency ParsingGraph Neural Network	CodeCode Available	1
Improving Constituency Parsing with Span Attention	Oct 15, 2020	Constituency ParsingNatural Language Understanding	CodeCode Available	1
Fast and Accurate Neural CRF Constituency Parsing	Aug 9, 2020	Constituency ParsingDependency Parsing	CodeCode Available	1
Unsupervised Latent Tree Induction with Deep Inside-Outside Recursive Autoencoders	Apr 3, 2019	Constituency ParsingSentence	CodeCode Available	1
Multilingual Constituency Parsing with Self-Attention and Pre-Training	Dec 31, 2018	Constituency ParsingUnsupervised Pre-training	CodeCode Available	1
Constituency Parsing with a Self-Attentive Encoder	May 2, 2018	Constituency ParsingSentence	CodeCode Available	1
Automatic Extraction of Clausal Embedding Based on Large-Scale English Text Data	Jun 16, 2025	Constituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	0
Revisiting Absence withSymptoms that T Show up Decades Later to Recover Empty Categories	Dec 2, 2024	Constituency Parsing	—Unverified	0
An Attempt to Develop a Neural Parser based on Simplified Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar on Vietnamese	Nov 26, 2024	ARCConstituency Parsing	—Unverified	0
Improving Unsupervised Constituency Parsing via Maximizing Semantic Information	Oct 3, 2024	Constituency Grammar InductionConstituency Parsing	CodeCode Available	0
Entity-Aware Biaffine Attention Model for Improved Constituent Parsing with Reduced Entity Violations	Sep 1, 2024	Constituency ParsingSentence	—Unverified	0

Show:10 25 50

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All datasets Penn Treebank CTB5 CTB7 ATB

Benchmark Results

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Hashing + XLNet	F1 score	96.43	—	Unverified
2	SAPar + XLNet	F1 score	96.4	—	Unverified
3	Label Attention Layer + HPSG + XLNet	F1 score	96.38	—	Unverified
4	Attach-Juxtapose Parser + XLNet	F1 score	96.34	—	Unverified
5	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + XLNet	F1 score	96.33	—	Unverified
6	CRF Parser + RoBERTa	F1 score	96.32	—	Unverified
7	Hashing + Bert	F1 score	96.03	—	Unverified
8	NFC + BERT-large	F1 score	95.92	—	Unverified
9	N-ary semi-markov + BERT-large	F1 score	95.92	—	Unverified
10	Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + BERT	F1 score	95.84	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	Attach-Juxtapose Parser + BERT	F1 score	93.52	—	Unverified
2	SAPar + BERT	F1 score	92.66	—	Unverified
3	N-ary semi-markov + BERT	F1 score	92.5	—	Unverified
4	Hashing + Bert	F1 score	92.33	—	Unverified
5	CRF Parser + BERT	F1 score	92.27	—	Unverified
6	Kitaev etal. 2019	F1 score	91.75	—	Unverified
7	CRF Parser	F1 score	89.8	—	Unverified
8	Zhou etal. 2019	F1 score	89.4	—	Unverified
9	Kitaev etal. 2018	F1 score	87.43	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	CRF Parser + Electra	F1 score	91.92	—	Unverified
2	CRF Parser + BERT	F1 score	91.55	—	Unverified
3	CRF Parser	F1 score	88.6	—	Unverified

#	Model	Metric	Claimed	Verified	Status
1	SAPar	F1	83.26	—	Unverified