Quantum-Enhanced Attention Mechanism in NLP: A Hybrid Classical-Quantum Approach
S. M. Yousuf Iqbal Tomal, Abdullah Al Shafin, Debojit Bhattacharjee, MD. Khairul Amin, Rafiad Sadat Shahir
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Transformer-based models have achieved remarkable results in natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as text classification and machine translation. However, their computational complexity and resource demands pose challenges for scalability and accessibility. This research proposes a hybrid quantum-classical transformer model that integrates a quantum-enhanced attention mechanism to address these limitations. By leveraging quantum kernel similarity and variational quantum circuits (VQC), the model captures intricate token dependencies while improving computational efficiency. Experimental results on the IMDb dataset demonstrate that the quantum-enhanced model outperforms the classical baseline across all key metrics, achieving a 1.5% improvement in accuracy (65.5% vs. 64%), precision, recall, and F1 score. Statistical significance tests validate these improvements, highlighting the robustness of the quantum approach. These findings illustrate the transformative potential of quantum-enhanced attention mechanisms in optimizing NLP architectures for real-world applications.