On a Benefit of Masked Language Model Pretraining: Robustness to Simplicity Bias

Abstract

Despite the success of pretrained masked language models (MLM), why MLM pretraining is useful is still a question not fully answered. In this work we theoretically and empirically that MLM pretraining makes models robust to lexicon-level spurious features, partly answering the question. Our explanation is that MLM pretraining may alleviate problems brought by simplicity bias (Shah et al., 2020), which refers to the phenomenon that a deep model tends to rely excessively on simple features. In NLP tasks, those simple features could be token-level features whose spurious association with the label can be learned easily. We show that MLM pretraining makes learning from the context easier. Thus, pretrained models are less likely to rely excessively on a single token. We also explore the theoretical explanations of MLM’s efficacy in causal settings. Compared with Wei et al. (2021), we achieve similar results with milder assumption. Finally, we close the gap between our theories and real-world practices by conducting experiments on real-world tasks.

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Reproductions