Mastering Atari, Go, Chess and Shogi by Planning with a Learned Model
Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Thomas Hubert, Karen Simonyan, Laurent SIfre, Simon Schmitt, Arthur Guez, Edward Lockhart, Demis Hassabis, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, David Silver
Code Available — Be the first to reproduce this paper.
ReproduceCode
- github.com/werner-duvaud/muzero-generalpytorch★ 2,791
- github.com/opendilab/LightZeropytorch★ 1,551
- github.com/kaesve/muzerotf★ 168
- github.com/k-lombard/CS4641_Projecttf★ 9
- github.com/SHRIVP/muzerotf★ 1
- github.com/Miatto-research-group/muzeropytorch★ 0
- github.com/colindbrown/columbia-deep-learning-projectpytorch★ 0
- github.com/johan-gras/MuZerotf★ 0
- github.com/ZiyuanMa/reversipytorch★ 0
- github.com/JuanCCS/muzero-jcpytorch★ 0
Abstract
Constructing agents with planning capabilities has long been one of the main challenges in the pursuit of artificial intelligence. Tree-based planning methods have enjoyed huge success in challenging domains, such as chess and Go, where a perfect simulator is available. However, in real-world problems the dynamics governing the environment are often complex and unknown. In this work we present the MuZero algorithm which, by combining a tree-based search with a learned model, achieves superhuman performance in a range of challenging and visually complex domains, without any knowledge of their underlying dynamics. MuZero learns a model that, when applied iteratively, predicts the quantities most directly relevant to planning: the reward, the action-selection policy, and the value function. When evaluated on 57 different Atari games - the canonical video game environment for testing AI techniques, in which model-based planning approaches have historically struggled - our new algorithm achieved a new state of the art. When evaluated on Go, chess and shogi, without any knowledge of the game rules, MuZero matched the superhuman performance of the AlphaZero algorithm that was supplied with the game rules.
Tasks
Benchmark Results
| Dataset | Model | Metric | Claimed | Verified | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atari 2600 Alien | MuZero | Score | 741,812.63 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Amidar | MuZero | Score | 28,634.39 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Assault | MuZero | Score | 143,972.03 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Asterix | MuZero | Score | 998,425 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Asteroids | MuZero | Score | 678,558.64 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Atlantis | MuZero | Score | 1,674,767.2 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Bank Heist | MuZero | Score | 1,278.98 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Battle Zone | MuZero | Score | 848,623 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Beam Rider | MuZero | Score | 454,993.53 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Berzerk | MuZero | Score | 85,932.6 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Bowling | MuZero | Score | 260.13 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Boxing | MuZero | Score | 100 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Centipede | MuZero | Score | 1,159,049.27 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Chopper Command | MuZero | Score | 991,039.7 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Crazy Climber | MuZero | Score | 458,315.4 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Defender | MuZero | Score | 839,642.95 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Demon Attack | MuZero | Score | 143,964.26 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Double Dunk | MuZero | Score | 23.94 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Enduro | MuZero | Score | 2,382.44 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Fishing Derby | MuZero | Score | 91.16 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Freeway | MuZero | Score | 33.03 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Frostbite | MuZero | Score | 631,378.53 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Gopher | MuZero | Score | 130,345.58 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Gravitar | MuZero | Score | 6,682.7 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 HERO | MuZero | Score | 49,244.11 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Ice Hockey | MuZero | Score | 67.04 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 James Bond | MuZero | Score | 41,063.25 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Kangaroo | MuZero | Score | 16,763.6 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Krull | MuZero | Score | 269,358.27 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Kung-Fu Master | MuZero | Score | 204,824 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Montezuma's Revenge | MuZero | Score | 0 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Ms. Pacman | MuZero | Score | 243,401.1 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Name This Game | MuZero | Score | 157,177.85 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Phoenix | MuZero | Score | 955,137.84 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Pitfall! | MuZero | Score | 0 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Pong | MuZero | Score | 21 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Private Eye | MuZero | Score | 15,299.98 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Q*Bert | MuZero | Score | 72,276 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 River Raid | MuZero | Score | 323,417.18 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Road Runner | MuZero | Score | 613,411.8 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Robotank | MuZero | Score | 131.13 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Seaquest | MuZero | Score | 999,976.52 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Skiing | MuZero | Score | -29,968.36 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Solaris | MuZero | Score | 56.62 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Space Invaders | MuZero | Score | 74,335.3 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Star Gunner | MuZero | Score | 549,271.7 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Surround | MuZero | Score | 9.99 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Tennis | MuZero | Score | 0 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Time Pilot | MuZero | Score | 476,763.9 | — | Unverified |
| Atari 2600 Tutankham | MuZero | Score | 491.48 | — | Unverified |